The IZA Discussion Paper Series (ISSN: 2365-9793) disseminates high-quality research by IZA network members to the scientific community and the interested public worldwide before they are later published in academic journals. Comprising more than 17,000 papers, IZA's publication flagship is the most influential working paper series in labor economics.

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521 IZA Discussion Papers
IZA Discussion Paper No. 15854
Inequality and Risk Preference
Harry Pickard, Thomas Dohmen, Bert van Landeghem
[This version: February 2024] published in: Journal of Risk and Uncertainty, 2024, 69, 191 - 217
IZA Discussion Paper No. 15848
Self-Efficacy and Entrepreneurial Performance of Start-Ups
Marco Caliendo, Alexander S. Kritikos, Daniel Rodriguez, Claudia Stier
published in: Small Business Economics, 2023, 61, 1027–1051
IZA Discussion Paper No. 15840
Homophily and Transmission of Behavioral Traits in Social Networks
Palaash Bhargava, Daniel L. Chen, Matthias Sutter, Camille Terrier
IZA Discussion Paper No. 15831
Forecasts: Consumption, Production, and Behavioral Responses
Husnain F. Ahmad, Matthew Gibson, Fatiq Nadeem, Sanval Nasim, Arman Rezaee
IZA Discussion Paper No. 15814
Early Child Care and Labor Supply of Lower-SES Mothers: A Randomized Controlled Trial
Henning Hermes, Marina Krauß, Philipp Lergetporer, Frauke Peter, Simon Wiederhold
IZA Discussion Paper No. 15813
Dishonesty as a Collective-Risk Social Dilemma
Shuguang Jiang, Marie Claire Villeval
revised version published in: Economic Inquiry, 2024, 62, 223–241.
IZA Discussion Paper No. 15796
Gender Differences in Adolescents' Socioemotional Development and Their Later Economic Consequences
Ghazala Azmat, Katja Maria Kaufmann, Yasemin Özdemir
IZA Discussion Paper No. 15792
Do Immigrants Ever Oppose Immigration?
Aflatun Kaeser, Massimiliano Tani
publishled in: European Journal of Political Economy, 2023, 80, 102460
IZA Discussion Paper No. 15769
Choice over Payment Schemes and Worker Effort
Martin Abel, Rulof Burger
IZA Discussion Paper No. 15768
Information Provision over the Phone Saves Lives: An RCT to Contain COVID-19 in Rural Bangladesh at the Pandemic's Onset
Shyamal Chowdhury, Hannah Schildberg-Hörisch, Sebastian O. Schneider, Matthias Sutter
IZA Discussion Paper No. 15766
Internet Use and Fertility Behavior among Reproductive-Age Women in China
Peng Nie, Xu Peng, Tianyuan Luo
published in: China Economic Review, 2023, 77, 101903
IZA Discussion Paper No. 15763
On the Psychology of the Relation between Optimism and Risk Taking
Thomas Dohmen, Simone Quercia, Jana Willrodt
published in: Journal of Risk and Uncertainty, 2023, 67, 193–214.
IZA Discussion Paper No. 15753
Public Opinion, Racial Bias, and Labor Market Outcomes
Kaveh Majlesi, Silvia Prina, Paul Sullivan
published in: Nature Human Behaviour, 2024, 8, 1493–1505
IZA Discussion Paper No. 15732
The Broken Chain: Evidence against Emotionally Driven Upstream Indirect Reciprocity
Wendelin Schnedler
published in: Games and Economic Behavior, 2022, 136, 542-558
IZA Discussion Paper No. 15673
Income Misperception and Populism
Thilo N. H. Albers, Felix Kersting, Fabian Kosse
IZA Discussion Paper No. 15621
The Times Have Changed: Tracking the Evolution of Gender Norms over Time
Andreas Kuhn
revised and partially expanded version published in: Research in Labor Economics, 2024, 52B, 131-170
IZA Discussion Paper No. 15590
Measuring Socially Appropriate Social Preferences
Jeffrey P. Carpenter, Andrea Robbett
published in: Games and Economic Behavior 2024, 147, 517 - 532
IZA Discussion Paper No. 15588
Can Grit Be Taught? Lessons from a Nationwide Field Experiment with Middle-School Students
Indhira Santos, Violeta Petroska-Beska, Pedro Carneiro, Lauren Eskreis-Winkler, Ana Maria Munoz Boudet, Inés Berniell, Christian Krekel, Omar Arias, Angela Lee Duckworth
IZA Discussion Paper No. 15576
It Hurts to Ask
Roland Benabou, Ania Jaroszewicz, George Loewenstein
published in: European Economic Review, 2025,171, 104911
IZA Discussion Paper No. 15512
Measuring
Simon Gächter, Chris Starmer, Fabio Tufano
revised version published online as 'Measuring 'Group Cohesion' to Reveal the Power of Social Relationships in Team Production' in: Review of Economics and Statistics, December 09 2024
IZA Discussion Paper No. 15501
Famous after Death: The Effect of a Writer's Death on Book Sales
Michela Ponzo, Vincenzo Scoppa
published in: Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization, 2023, 210, 210-225.
IZA Discussion Paper No. 15492
Beliefs, Learning, and Personality in the Indefinitely Repeated Prisoner's Dilemma
David Gill, Yaroslav Rosokha
published in: American Economic Journal: Microeconomics, 2024, 16 (3), 259– 283
IZA Discussion Paper No. 15441
Challenging Encounters and Within-Physician Practice Variability
Gabriel Chodick, Yoav Goldstein, Ity Shurtz, Dan Zeltzer
published online in: Review of Economics and Statistics, 15 March 2023
IZA Discussion Paper No. 15431
Stigma in Welfare Programs
Pablo Celhay, Bruce D. Meyer, Nikolas Mittag
IZA Discussion Paper No. 15428
Political Ideology, Mood Response, and the Confirmation Bias
David L. Dickinson
published as 'Political ideology, emotion response, and confirmation bias' in: Economic Inquiry, 2025, 63 (1), 181-205
IZA Discussion Paper No. 15391
The Subjective Inflation Expectations of Households and Firms: Measurement, Determinants, and Implications
Michael Weber, Francesco D’Acunto, Yuriy Gorodnichenko, Olivier Coibion
published in: Journal of Economic Perspectives. 2022, 36 (3), 157–184
IZA Discussion Paper No. 15375
Price Expectations and Reference-Dependent Preferences
Robert Rutledge, Vinayak Alladi, Stephen L. Cheung
revised version published in: Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization, 2025, 231, 106927
IZA Discussion Paper No. 15367
Study More Tomorrow
Todd Pugatch, Elizabeth Schroeder, Nicholas Wilson
published online in: Educational Evaluation and Policy Analysis, 08 January 2024
IZA Discussion Paper No. 15306
Locus of Control, Self-Control, and Health Outcomes
Ferdi Botha, Sarah C. Dahmann
published in: SSM - Population Health, 2024, 25, 101566
IZA Discussion Paper No. 15292
Do Losses Trigger Deliberative Reasoning?
Jeffrey P. Carpenter, David Munro
IZA Discussion Paper No. 15238
Is the Price Right? The Role of Morals, Ideology, and Tradeoff Thinking in Explaining Reactions to Price Surges
Julio Elias, Nicola Lacetera, Mario Macis
IZA Discussion Paper No. 15212
Does Social Capital Matter? A Study of Hit-and-Run in US Counties
Stefano Castriota, Sandro Rondinella, Mirco Tonin
published in: Social Science & Medicine, 2023, 329, 116011
IZA Discussion Paper No. 15175
The Determinants of Population Self-Control
Deborah A. Cobb-Clark, Sarah C. Dahmann, Daniel A. Kamhöfer, Hannah Schildberg-Hörisch
updated version published as 'Surveillance and self-control' in: Economic Journal, 2024, 134 (660), 1666–1682
IZA Discussion Paper No. 15171
Trust Predicts Compliance with COVID-19 Containment Policies: Evidence from Ten Countries Using Big Data
Francesco Sarracino, Talita Greyling, Kelsey J. O'Connor, Chiara Peroni, Stephanié Rossouw
published in: Economics & Human Biology, 2024, 54, 101412
IZA Discussion Paper No. 15092
American Older Adults in the Time of COVID-19: Vulnerability Types, Aging Attitudes, and Emotional Responses
Mingqi Fu, Jing Guo, Xi Chen, Boxun Han, Farooq Ahmed, Muhammad Shahid, Qilin Zhang
published in: Frontiers in Public Health, 2022, 9, 778084
IZA Discussion Paper No. 15048
What's the Risk from Competing? Competition Aversion and the Gender Wage Gap
Chung Choe, SeEun Jung, Ronald L. Oaxaca
IZA Discussion Paper No. 15043
Managers' Risk Preferences and Firm Training Investments
Marco Caliendo, Deborah A. Cobb-Clark, Harald Pfeifer, Arne Uhlendorff, Caroline Wehner
published in: European Economic Review, 2024, 161, 104616
IZA Discussion Paper No. 15032
The Politicized Pandemic: Ideological Polarization and the Behavioral Response to COVID-19
Gianluca Grimalda, Fabrice Murtin, David Pipke, Louis Putterman, Matthias Sutter
published in: European Economic Review, 2023, 156, 104472.
IZA Discussion Paper No. 15031
Online Teaching, Procrastination and Students’ Achievement: Evidence from COVID-19 Induced Remote Learning
Maria De Paola, Francesca Gioia, Vincenzo Scoppa
published in: Economics of Education Review, 2023, 94, 102378.
IZA Discussion Paper No. 14998
Reducing Sexual-Orientation Discrimination: Experimental Evidence from Basic Information Treatments
Cevat Giray Aksoy, Christopher S. Carpenter, Ralph De Haas, Mathias Dolls, Lisa Windsteiger
revised version published in: Journal of Policy Analysis and Management, 2023, 42 (1), 35 - 59
IZA Discussion Paper No. 14993
Parental Separation and the Formation of Economic Preferences
Sarah C. Dahmann, Nathan Kettlewell, Jack Lam
IZA Discussion Paper No. 14987
Self-Control and Unhealthy Body Weight: The Role of Impulsivity and Restraint
Deborah A. Cobb-Clark, Sarah C. Dahmann, Daniel A. Kamhöfer, Hannah Schildberg-Hörisch
published in: Economics & Human Biology, 2023, 50, 101263
IZA Discussion Paper No. 14976
The Stability of Self-Control in a Population Representative Study
Deborah A. Cobb-Clark, Nancy Kong, Hannah Schildberg-Hörisch
published in: Journal of Economic Psychology, 2023, 95, 102599.
IZA Discussion Paper No. 14963
Worker Beliefs about Outside Options
Simon Jäger, Christopher Roth, Nina Roussille, Benjamin Schoefer
published online in: Quarterly Journal of Economics, 10 January 2024
IZA Discussion Paper No. 14955
Sensitivity of Charitable Giving to Realized Income Changes: Evidence from Military Bonuses and the Combined Federal Campaign
Carl J. Wojtaszek, Michael S. Kofoed
IZA Discussion Paper No. 14937
Family Social Norms and Child Labor
Shirit Katav Herz, Gil S. Epstein
IZA Discussion Paper No. 14921
Nudging Parents to Increase Preschool Attendance in Uruguay
Nicolas Ajzenman, Laura Becerra Luna, Juan Manuel Hernández-Agramonte, Florencia Lopez Boo, Alejandro Vásquez-Echeverría, Mercedes Mateo Diaz
IZA Discussion Paper No. 14920
The Predictive Power of Self-Control for Life Outcomes
Deborah A. Cobb-Clark, Sarah C. Dahmann, Daniel A. Kamhöfer, Hannah Schildberg-Hörisch
published in: Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization, 2022, 197, 725-744
IZA Discussion Paper No. 14916
Digital Access to Healthcare Services and Healthcare Utilization: A Quasi-Experiment
Armenak Antinyan, Stefania Bellio, Marco Bertoni, Luca Corazzini, Elena Narne
IZA Discussion Paper No. 14835
Reference Points and the Tradeoff between Risk and Incentives
Thomas Dohmen, Arjan Non, Tom Stolp
published in: Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization, 2021, 192, 813–831
IZA Discussion Paper No. 14820
Individualism, Human Capital Formation, and Labor Market Success
Katharina Hartinger, Sven Resnjanskij, Jens Ruhose, Simon Wiederhold
IZA Discussion Paper No. 14799
Interview Sequences and the Formation of Subjective Assessments
Jonas Radbruch, Amelie Schiprowski
substantially revised version published online in: Review of Economic Studies, 10 April 2024
IZA Discussion Paper No. 14760
Measuring Youth Empowerment: An Illustration Using the Example of Tunisia
Micheline Goedhuys, Michael Grimm, Aline Meysonnat, Eleonora Nillesen, Ann-Kristin Reitmann
published as 'Measuring youth empowerment: An application to Tunisia' in: Journal of International Development, 2024, 36 (4), 1945-1964
IZA Discussion Paper No. 14755
On the Stability of Risk Preferences: Measurement Matters
Joop Adema, Till Nikolka, Panu Poutvaara, Uwe Sunde
published in: Economics Letters, 2022, 210, 110172
IZA Discussion Paper No. 14734
The Heritability of Trust and Trustworthiness Depends on the Measure of Trust
Nathan Kettlewell, Agnieszka Tymula
IZA Discussion Paper No. 14718
Air Pollution Affects Decision-Making: Evidence from the Ballot Box
Luna Bellani, Stefano Ceolotto, Benjamin Elsner, Nico Pestel
published as 'The Political Fallout of Air Pollution' in: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 2024, 121(18), e2314428121
IZA Discussion Paper No. 14714
Ingroup Bias with Multiple Identities: The Case of Religion and Attitudes Towards Government Size
Daniel Sgroi, Jonathan Yeo, Shi Zhuo
IZA Discussion Paper No. 14702
The Australian Twins Economic Preferences Survey
Nathan Kettlewell, Agnieszka Tymula
published in: Twin Research and Human Genetics, 2021, 24 (6), 365-370
IZA Discussion Paper No. 14690
Order Effects and Employment Decisions: Experimental Evidence from a Nationwide Program
Nicolas Ajzenman, Gregory Elacqua, Luana Marotta, Anne Sofie Olsen
IZA Discussion Paper No. 14663
Parental Responses to Children's Achievement Test Results
Deborah A. Cobb-Clark, Tiffany Ho, Nicolás Salamanca
IZA Discussion Paper No. 14625
Quasi-Hyperbolic Present Bias: A Meta-Analysis
Stephen L. Cheung, Agnieszka Tymula, Xueting Wang
IZA Discussion Paper No. 14609
Sophistication about Self-Control
Deborah A. Cobb-Clark, Sarah C. Dahmann, Daniel A. Kamhöfer, Hannah Schildberg-Hörisch
published in: Journal of Public Economics, 2024, 238, 105196
IZA Discussion Paper No. 14608
Shifting Punishment on Minorities: Experimental Evidence of Scapegoating
Michal Bauer, Jana Cahlíková, Julie Chytilová, Gerald Roland
published in: Economic Journal, 2023, 133 (652), 1626–1640
IZA Discussion Paper No. 14607
Psychological Effects of Poverty on Time Preferences
Vojtech Bartos, Michal Bauer, Julie Chytilová, Ian Levely
published in: Economic Journal, 2021, 131 (638), 2357 - 2382
IZA Discussion Paper No. 14595
Incentives, Self-Selection, and Coordination of Motivated Agents for the Production of Social Goods
Kevin Bauer, Michael Kosfeld, Ferdinand von Siemens
IZA Discussion Paper No. 14594
Estimating Coherency between Survey Data and Incentivized Experimental Data
Christian Belzil, Julie Pernaudet, François Poinas
IZA Discussion Paper No. 14590
Estimating Time Preferences for Leisure
Maria Bigoni, Davide Dragone, Stéphane Luchini, Alberto Prati
IZA Discussion Paper No. 14542
Menopause as a Regulatory Device for Matching the Demand for Children with Its Supply: A Hypothesis
Oded Stark
published in: Economics & Human Biology, 2021, 42, 101001.
IZA Discussion Paper No. 14537
Unethical Decision Making and Sleep Restriction: Experimental Evidence
David L. Dickinson, David Masclet
revised version published in: Games and Economic Behavior, 2023,141, 484-502.
IZA Discussion Paper No. 14536
The Impact of Sleep Restriction on Interpersonal Conflict Resolution and the Narcotic Effect
David L. Dickinson, David M. McEvoy, David Bruner
revised version published in: Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization, 2022, 194, 71-90.
IZA Discussion Paper No. 14526
Limited Self-Knowledge and Survey Response Behavior
Armin Falk, Thomas Neuber, Philipp Strack
IZA Discussion Paper No. 14518
Fighting Climate Change: The Role of Norms, Preferences, and Moral Values
Peter Andre, Teodora Boneva, Felix Chopra, Armin Falk
IZA Discussion Paper No. 14467
The Roots of Cooperation
Zvonimir Bašić, Parampreet C. Bindra, Daniela Glätzle-Rützler, Angelo Romano, Matthias Sutter, Claudia Zoller
IZA Discussion Paper No. 14452
Transitory Income Changes and Consumption Smoothing: Evidence from Mexico
Manuela Angelucci, Carlos Chiapa, Silvia Prina, Irvin Rojas
published in: Journal of Public Economics, 2024, 230, 105013
IZA Discussion Paper No. 14440
The Dynamics of Inattention in the (Baseball) Field
James Archsmith, Anthony Heyes, Matthew Neidell, Bhaven Sampat
IZA Discussion Paper No. 14437
An Optimal Split of School Classes
Oded Stark
published in: Economic Analysis and Policy, 2021, 69, 668-675
IZA Discussion Paper No. 14433
Do Women Give Up Competing More Easily? Evidence from Speedcubers
Chao Fang, Ernest Zhang, Junfu Zhang
published in: Economics Letters, 2021, 205, 109943.
IZA Discussion Paper No. 14421
The Creativity Premium
David Gill, Victoria L. Prowse
published as 'The Creativity Premium: Exploring the Link between Childhood Creativity and Life Outcomes' in: Journal of Political Economy Microeconomics, 2024, 2 (3), 495–526
IZA Discussion Paper No. 14401
Children's Patience and School-Track Choices Several Years Later: Linking Experimental and Field Data
Silvia Angerer, Jana Bolvashenkova, Daniela Glätzle-Rützler, Philipp Lergetporer, Matthias Sutter
published in: Journal of Public Economics, 2023, 220, 104837
IZA Discussion Paper No. 14384
More Opportunity, More Cooperation? The Behavioral Effects of Birthright Citizenship on Immigrant Youth
Christina Felfe, Martin G. Kocher, Helmut Rainer, Judith Saurer, Thomas Siedler
published in: Journal of Public Economics, 2021, 200, 104448
IZA Discussion Paper No. 14373
Gender Differences in Job Search and the Earnings Gap: Evidence from Business Majors
Patricia Cortes, Jessica Pan, Laura Pilossoph, Basit Zafar
published as 'Gender Differences in Job Search and the Earnings Gap: Evidence from the Field and Lab' in: Quarterly Journal of Economics, 2023, 138 (4), 2069–2126
IZA Discussion Paper No. 14351
Formation of College Plans: Expected Returns, Preferences and Adjustment Process
Ghazala Azmat, Katja Maria Kaufmann
published in: Journal of the European Economic Association, 2024, 22 (2), 669–711
IZA Discussion Paper No. 14316
Mental Health and Abortions among Young Women: Time-Varying Unobserved Heterogeneity, Health Behaviors, and Risky Decisions
Lena Janys, Bettina M. Siflinger
IZA Discussion Paper No. 14304
Malleability of Preferences for Honesty
Johannes Abeler, Armin Falk, Fabian Kosse
published online in: Economic Journal, 22 May 2024
IZA Discussion Paper No. 14257
Evaluating the Sunk Cost Effect
David Ronayne, Daniel Sgroi, Anthony Tuckwell
published in: Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization, 2021, 186, 318 - 327
IZA Discussion Paper No. 14198
Income Changes Do Not Influence Political Participation: Evidence from Comparative Panel Data
Sebastian Jungkunz, Paul Marx
published as 'Income changes do not influence political involvement in panel data from six countries' in: European Journal of Political Research, 2022, 61 (3), 829-841
IZA Discussion Paper No. 14176
Moral Hazard Heterogeneity: Genes and Health Insurance Influence Smoking after a Health Shock
Pietro Biroli, Laura Zwyssig
IZA Discussion Paper No. 14155
Why Do Migrants Stay Unexpectedly? Misperceptions and Implications for Integration
Marc Kaufmann, Joël Machado, Bertrand Verheyden
substantially revised version published in: Journal of Mathematical Economics, 2025, 117, 103099.
IZA Discussion Paper No. 14142
Motivational Goal Bracketing with Non-rational Goals
Alexander K. Koch, Julia Nafziger
published in: Journal of Behavioral and Experimental Economics, 2021, 94, 101740
IZA Discussion Paper No. 14137
Cognitive Load and Occupational Injuries
Eric Bonsang, Eve Caroli
published in: Industrial Relations, 2021, 60(2), 219-242.
IZA Discussion Paper No. 14111
Altruism or Money? Reducing Teacher Sorting Using Behavioral Strategies in Peru
Nicolas Ajzenman, Eleonora Bertoni, Gregory Elacqua, Luana Marotta, Carolina Méndez Vargas
published in: Journal of Labor Economics, 2024, 42 (2), 1049–1091
IZA Discussion Paper No. 14091
Eliciting Time Preferences When Income and Consumption Vary: Theory, Validation & Application to Job Search
Michèle Belot, Philipp Kircher, Paul Muller
forthcoming in: American Economic Journal: Microeconomics
IZA Discussion Paper No. 14070
The Influence of Dietary Patterns on Outcomes in a Bayesian Choice Task
David L. Dickinson, Caleb Garbuio
revised version published in: Health Science Reports, 2021, 4 (3), e369
IZA Discussion Paper No. 14069
Gender Match and the Gender Gap in Venture Capital Financing: Evidence from Shark Tank
Michael Jetter, Kieran Stockley
published as 'Gender match and negotiation: evidence from angel investment on Shark Tank' in: Empirical Economics, 2023, 64, 1947 - 1977
IZA Discussion Paper No. 14059
Intertemporal Altruism
Felix Chopra, Philipp Eisenhauer, Armin Falk, Thomas W Graeber
IZA Discussion Paper No. 14050
Turning Relative Deprivation into a Performance Incentive Device
Oded Stark, Grzegorz Kosiorowski
published in: Journal of Mathematical Sociology, 2021, 45 (1), 22-36
IZA Discussion Paper No. 14030
Parental Paternalism and Patience
Lukas Kiessling, Shyamal Chowdhury, Hannah Schildberg-Hörisch, Matthias Sutter
IZA Discussion Paper No. 14025
Collective Intertemporal Decisions and Heterogeneity in Groups
Daniela Glätzle-Rützler, Philipp Lergetporer, Matthias Sutter
published in: Games and Economic Behavior, 2021, 130, 131-147
IZA Discussion Paper No. 13983
Bias and Discrimination: What Do We Know?
Marina Della Giusta, Steven J. Bosworth
IZA Discussion Paper No. 13977
Fraud Deterrence Institutions Reduce Intrinsic Honesty
Fabio Galeotti, Valeria Maggian, Marie Claire Villeval
revised version published in: Economic Journal, 2021, 131 (638), 2508-2528.
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