The IZA Discussion Paper Series (ISSN: 2365-9793) disseminates high-quality research by IZA network members to the scientific community and the interested public worldwide before they are later published in academic journals. Comprising more than 17,000 papers, IZA's publication flagship is the most influential working paper series in labor economics.

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977 IZA Discussion Papers
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17897
Gene x Environment Interactions: Polygenic Scores and the Impact of an Early Childhood Intervention in Colombia
Orazio Attanasio, Gabriella Conti, Pamela Jervis, Costas Meghir, Aysu Okbay
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17881
Do Financial Incentives for Training and Caseworker Meetings Enhance Re-Employment?
Tomi Kyyrä, Jouko Kullervo Verho
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17856
OLS with Heterogeneous Coefficients
Nikolas Mittag
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17805
Quantifying the Internal Validity of Weighted Estimands
Alexandre Poirier, Tymon Sloczynski
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17798
Employer Quality and Skilled Workers’ Mobility: Evidence from English NHS Hospital Doctors
Stefano Cellini, Marco Mello, Giuseppe Moscelli
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17797
Immigration, Workforce Composition, and Organizational Performance: The Effect of Brexit on NHS Hospital Quality
Henrique Castro-Pires, Kai Fischer, Marco Mello, Giuseppe Moscelli
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17702
Lifting Up the Lives of Extremely Disadvantaged Youth: The Role of Staying in School Longer
Julie Moschion, Jan C. van Ours
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17699
Returns to Testosterone Across Men's Earnings Distribution in the UK
Peter Eibich, Ricky Kanabar, Alexander T. Plum
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17651
Spatial Unit Roots in Regressions: A Practitioner's Guide and a Stata Package
Sascha O. Becker, P. David Boll, Hans-Joachim Voth
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17641
The Only Child
Julius Ilciukas, Petter Lundborg, Erik Plug, Astrid Würtz Rasmussen
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17636
Examiner and Judge Designs in Economics: A Practitioner's Guide
Eric Chyn, Brigham R. Frandsen, Emily Leslie
forthcoming in: Journal of Economic Literature
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17610
Estimation of Linear Models from Coarsened Observations: A Method of Moments Approach
Bernard M. S. van Praag, J. Peter Hop, William H. Greene
forthcoming in: Psychometrika
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17605
Long-Run Career Outcomes of Multiple Job Holding
Johanna Muffert, Regina T. Riphahn
forthcoming in: Industrial and Labor Relations Review
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17596
Heated Debates on Heating: Investigating the Electoral Impact of Climate Policy
Dorothea Kistinger, Noah Kögel, Nicolas Koch, Matthias Kalkuhl
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17563
Modelling Monospony on the Labor Market with Separable Matching Models
Pauline Corblet, Arnaud Dupuy
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17489
Biased Returns to Tenure: The Impact of Firm-Specific Shocks on Base and Non-base Earnings
Daniel Schaefer, Carl Singleton, Nikolaos Theodoropoulos
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17399
Are Alternative Work Arrangements a Substitute for Standard Employment? Evidence from Worker-Level Data
Bernardo Fanfani, Filippo Passerini
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17388
In the Wrong Place at the Wrong Time: The Impact of Mass Shooting Exposure on Mental Health
Michele Ubaldi, Matteo Picchio
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17370
Dividing Housework between Partners: Individual Preferences and Social Norms
Danilo Cavapozzi, Marco Francesconi, Cheti Nicoletti
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17345
Work Pay, Contractual Changes and Employee Attrition: Evidence from NHS Trainee Doctors
Marco Mello, Giuseppe Moscelli, Ioannis Laliotis, Melisa Sayli
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17308
Targeting and Effectiveness of Location-Based Policies
Vincenzo Carrieri, G. de Blasio, Antonella Rita Ferrara, Rosanna Nisticò
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17264
Distribution Regression Difference-in-Differences
Iván Fernández-Val, Jonas Meier, Aico van Vuuren, Francis Vella
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17262
Estimating Quantile Regressions with Multiple Fixed Effects through Method of Moments
Fernando Rios-Avila, Leonardo Siles, Gustavo J. Canavire Bacarreza
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17239
Parental Health, Adolescents' Mental Distress and Non-cognitive Skills
Apostolos Davillas, Victor Hugo de Oliveira, Athina Raftopoulou
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17205
The Long-Term Human Capital and Health Impacts of a Pollution Reduction Programme
Nanna Fukushima, Stephanie von Hinke, Emil N. Sørensen
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17174
Identification of Ex Ante Returns Using Elicited Choice Probabilities: An Application to Preferences for Public-Sector Jobs
Romuald Meango, Esther Mirjam Girsberger
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17150
Financial Inclusion and Threshold Effects in Carbon Emissions
Nidhaleddine Ben Cheikh, Christophe Rault
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17149
Fused LASSO as Non-crossing Quantile Regression
Tibor Szendrei, Arnab Bhattacharjee, Mark E Schaffer
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17126
The Labor Market Effects of Drug-Related Violence in a Transit Country
Andres Ham Gonzalez, Juanita Ruiz
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17119
Making the Right Call: The Heterogeneous Effects of Individual Performance Pay on Productivity
Marco Clemens, Jan Sauermann
published in: Labour Economics, 2025, 94, 102694
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17088
Measuring and Correcting Monotonicity Bias: The Case of School Entrance Age Effects
Itay Attar, Danny Cohen-Zada, Todd E. Elder
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17086
Homelessness and Crime: An Examination of California
Benjamin Artz, David M. Welsch
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17080
Breastfeeding and Child Development Outcomes across Early Childhood and Adolescence: Doubly Robust Estimation with Machine Learning
Md Mohsan Khudri, Andrew Hussey
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17023
Heterogeneity in the Persistence of Health: Evidence from a Monthly Micro Panel
Stephen Hoskins, David W. Johnston, Johannes S. Kunz, Michael A. Shields, Kevin E. Staub
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16995
Biological, Behavioural and Spurious Selection on the Kidney Transplant Waitlist
Stephen Kastoryano
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16971
COVID-19 Lockdown, Home Environment, Lifestyles, and Mental Health among Preschoolers in China
Yuting Zhang, Jin Zhao, Zhangsheng Yu, Guanghai Wang, Jun Zhang, Fan Jiang, Saishuang Wu, Yue Zhang, Donglan Zhang, Xi Chen
published in: Children and Youth Services Review, 2024, 161, 107654
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16921
War, International Spillovers, and Adolescents: Evidence from Russia's Invasion of Ukraine in 2022
Thomas Siedler, Silke Anger, Bernhard Christoph, Agata Galkiewicz, Shushanik Margaryan, Frauke Peter, Malte Sandner
published in: Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization, 2024, 224, 181-193
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16913
Overeducation, Overskilling and Job Satisfaction in Europe: The Moderating Role of Employment Contracts
Romina Giuliano, Benoît Mahy, François Rycx, Guillaume Vermeylen
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16864
Schooling and Self-Control
Deborah A. Cobb-Clark, Sarah C. Dahmann, Daniel A. Kamhöfer, Hannah Schildberg-Hörisch
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16794
Efficiency in Poverty Reduction: A State-Level Analysis for Bolivia
Gustavo J. Canavire Bacarreza, Alejandro Puerta-Cuartas, Javier Beverinotti
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16767
Heterogeneous Effects of Blood Pressure Screening
Fabrice Kämpfen, Irene Mosca
published in: Economics Letters, 2024, 242, 11845
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16714
Model Averaging and Double Machine Learning
Achim Ahrens, Christian B. Hansen, Mark E Schaffer, Thomas Wiemann
published online in: Journal of Applied Economics, 19 January 2025
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16709
The Role of Friends in the Opioid Epidemic
Effrosyni Adamopoulou, Jeremy Greenwood, Nezih Guner, Karen A. Kopecky
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16616
Foreign Nurses and Hospital Quality: Evidence from Brexit
Henrique Castro-Pires, Marco Mello, Giuseppe Moscelli
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16594
Consistent Estimation of Panel Data Sample Selection Models
Badi H. Baltagi, Sergi Jimenez-Martin, José M. Labeaga, Majid al Sadoon
published online in: Econometrics and Statistic, 11 November 2023
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16591
The (Un)Importance of School Assignment
Nadine Ketel, Hessel Oosterbeek, Sandor Sovago, Bas van der Klaauw
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16578
Spouses' Access to Financial Services: Estimating Technological and Managerial Gaps in Production
Maria Luz L. Malabayabas, Ashok K. Mishra, Joaquin Mayorga
published as 'Impact of spouses' access to financial services on technological and managerial gaps in rice production' in: Journal of International Development, 2024, 36 (5), 2430 - 2457
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16526
European Funds and Firm Performance: Evidence from a Natural Experiment
José Mesquita, João Pereira dos Santos, José Tavares
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16508
Embrace the Noise: It Is OK to Ignore Measurement Error in a Covariate, Sometimes
Hao Dong, Daniel L. Millimet
forthcoming in: Journal of the Royal Statistical Society, Series A
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16454
More Education Does Make You Happier – Unless You Are Unemployed
Alexander Bertermann, Daniel A. Kamhöfer, Hannah Schildberg-Hörisch
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16426
Predicting Re-Employment: Machine Learning versus Assessments by Unemployed Workers and by Their Caseworkers
Gerard J. van den Berg, Max Kunaschk, Julia Lang, Gesine Stephan, Arne Uhlendorff
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16417
What If It Never Happened? Subjective Treatment Effects of a Negative Shock on Youth Labour Market Outcomes in Developing Countries
Marta Favara, Richard Freund, Marcello Perez-Alvarez
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16379
Non-monetary Interventions, Workforce Retention and Hospital Quality: Evidence from the English NHS
Giuseppe Moscelli, Melisa Sayli, Jo Blanden, Marco Mello, Henrique Castro-Pires, Chris Bojke
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16372
Eggs When Young, Chicken When Old. Time Consistency and Addiction over the Life Cycle
Luca Piccoli, Silvia Tiezzi
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16342
Nighttime Light Pollution and Economic Activities: A Spatio-Temporal Model with Common Factors for US Counties
Georges Bresson, Jean-Michel Etienne, Guy Lacroix
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16337
Documenting and Explaining the Dramatic Rise of the New Society Journals in Economics
John C. Ham, Julian Wright, Ziqiu Ye
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16320
Environmental Policy and Gender Health Gap
Liwen Guo, Zhiming Cheng, Massimiliano Tani, Sarah Cook
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16290
Are the Upwardly-Mobile More Left-Wing?
Andrew E. Clark, Maria Cotofan
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16289
Injury Risk, Concussions, Race, and Pay in the NFL
Quinn Keefer, Thomas J. Kniesner
published in: Journal of Risk and Uncertainty, 2023, 67(2), 107-136
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16242
Does Internal Locus of Control Get You Out of Homelessness?
Santiago Budría, Alejandro Betancourt-Odio, Eszter Wirth
published in: Economic Letters, 2023, 230, 111249
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16202
Fixed Effects and Causal Inference
Daniel L. Millimet, Marc Bellemare
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16181
Erasmus Program and Labor Market Outcomes: Evidence from a Fuzzy Regression Discontinuity Design
Marco Alberto De Benedetto, Maria De Paola, Vincenzo Scoppa, Janna Smirnova
published in: Labour Economics, 2025, 93, 102675
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16178
Will Childcare Subsidies Increase the Labour Supply of Mothers in Ireland?
Karina Doorley, Dora Tuda, Luke Duggan
published online in: Fiscal Studies, 21 January 2025
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16153
Long-Term Effects of Hiring Subsidies for Low-Educated Unemployed Youths
Andrea Albanese, Bart Cockx, Muriel Dejemeppe
revised version published in: Journal of Public Economics, 2024, 235, 105137
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16143
For Better or Worse? Subjective Expectations and Cost-Benefit Trade-Offs in Health Behavior
Gabriella Conti, Pamela Giustinelli
published in: Health Economics, 2025, 34, 992 - 1012
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16112
Estimating the Laffer Tax Rate on Capital Income: Cross-Base Responses Matter!
Marie-Noëlle Lefebvre, Etienne Lehmann, Michaël Sicsic
published online in: Scandinavian Journal of Economics, 07 November 2024
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16093
Early Childhood Conditions and Adolescent Mental Health
Bilge Erten, Pinar Keskin, Rodrigo Pinto, Huihua Xie, Lianming Zhu
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16013
Workers' Perceptions of Earnings Growth and Employment Risk
Gizem Koşar, Wilbert van der Klaauw
IZA Discussion Paper No. 15963
ddml: Double/Debiased Machine Learning in Stata
Achim Ahrens, Christian B. Hansen, Mark E Schaffer, Thomas Wiemann
published in: Stata Journal, 2024, 24 (1), 3-45.
IZA Discussion Paper No. 15935
Labour Mobility in German Establishments during the COVID-19 Crisis: Panel Data Analyses with Special Reference to Short-Time Work and Working from Home
Lisa Bellmann, Lutz Bellmann, Olaf Hübler
revised version published as 'Labour mobility, short-time work and working from home: establishments' behaviour during the COVID-19 crisis' in: International Journal of Manpower, 2024, 45(6), 1262-1278
IZA Discussion Paper No. 15933
The Decision to Emigrate in Six MENA Countries: The Role of Post-Revolutionary Stress
Ali Fakih, Malak El Baba
published in: International Migration, 2023, 61 (4), 201-220
IZA Discussion Paper No. 15932
The Employment Effects of the Disability Education Gap in Europe
Maciej Albinowski, Iga Magda, Agata Rozszczypała
published online in: Education Economics, 29 September 2023
IZA Discussion Paper No. 15907
Synthetic Difference-in-Differences Estimation
Damian Clarke, Daniel Pailañir, Susan Athey, Guido W. Imbens
published in: Stata Journal, 2024, 24 (4), 557-598
IZA Discussion Paper No. 15815
Robust Dynamic Space-Time Panel Data Models Using ?-Contamination: An Application to Crop Yields and Climate Change
Badi H. Baltagi, Georges Bresson, Anoop Chaturvedi, Guy Lacroix
published in: Empirical Economics, 2023, 64, 2475–2509
IZA Discussion Paper No. 15773
Gender Stereotypes in the Family
Cheti Nicoletti, Almudena Sevilla, Valentina Tonei
IZA Discussion Paper No. 15727
Doubly Robust Estimation of Local Average Treatment Effects Using Inverse Probability Weighted Regression Adjustment
Tymon Sloczynski, Derya Uysal, Jeffrey M. Wooldridge
IZA Discussion Paper No. 15718
Hate in the Time of COVID-19: Racial Crimes against East Asians
Joel Carr, Jonathan James, Joanna Clifton-Sprigg, Suncica Vujic
IZA Discussion Paper No. 15708
The Identification of Time-Invariant Variables in Panel Data Model: Exploring the Role of Science in Firms’ Productivity
Sara Amoroso, Randolph Luca Bruno, Laura Magazzini
IZA Discussion Paper No. 15662
Earnings Losses and the Role of the Welfare State during the COVID-19 Pandemic: Evidence from Sweden
Adrian Adermon, Lisa Laun, Patrik Lind, Martin Olsson, Jan Sauermann, Anna Sjögren
published in: Review of Income and Wealth, 2024, 70 (4), 981 - 1010
IZA Discussion Paper No. 15660
Decent Wage Floors in Europe: Does the Minimum Wage Directive Get It Right?
Henri Haapanala, Ive Marx, Zachary Parolin
published in: Journal of European Social Policy, 2023, 33 (4), 421 - 435
IZA Discussion Paper No. 15623
Job Preferences of Aged Care Workers in Australia: Results from a Discrete Choice Experiment
Kostas Mavromaras, Linda Isherwood, Stephane Mahuteau, Julie Ratcliffe, Lily Xiao, Ann Harrington, Zhang Wei
IZA Discussion Paper No. 15580
Effect or Treatment Heterogeneity? Policy Evaluation with Aggregated and Disaggregated Treatments
Phillip Heiler, Michael C. Knaus
IZA Discussion Paper No. 15480
Do Non-monetary Interventions Improve Staff Retention? Evidence from English NHS Hospitals
Melisa Sayli, Giuseppe Moscelli, Jo Blanden, Chris Bojke, Marco Mello
IZA Discussion Paper No. 15457
Does It Matter Who Cares for You? The Effect of Substituting Informal with Formal Personal Care on the Care Recipients' Health
Bruce Hollingsworth, Asako Ohinata, Matteo Picchio, Ian Walker
IZA Discussion Paper No. 15427
Identifying Program Benefits When Participation Is Misreported
Denni Tommasi, Lina Zhang
published in: Journal of Applied Econometrics, 2024, 39 (6), 1123-1148
IZA Discussion Paper No. 15414
Mean Convergence, Combinatorics, and Grade-Point Averages
Glen R. Waddell, Robert McDonough
IZA Discussion Paper No. 15403
Sick and Depressed? The Causal Impact of a Diabetes Diagnosis on Depression
Alessio Gaggero, Joan Gil, Dolores Jiménez-Rubio, Eugenio Zucchelli
published in: Health Economics Review, 2023, 13, Article 38 (2023)
IZA Discussion Paper No. 15353
Job Location Decisions and the Effect of Children on the Employment Gender Gap
Andrea Albanese, Adrian Nieto Castro, Konstantinos Tatsiramos
IZA Discussion Paper No. 15343
Corporate Training and Skill Gaps: Did COVID-19 Stem EU Convergence in Training Investments?
Konstantinos Pouliakas, Patricia Wruuck
also available as: European Investment Bank (EIB) Economics Working Papers 2022/07
IZA Discussion Paper No. 15324
The Short- And Longer-Term Effects of a Child Labor Ban
Caio Piza, André Portela Souza, Patrick M. Emerson, Vivian Amorim
published in: World Bank Economic Review, 2024, 38 (2), 351–370
IZA Discussion Paper No. 15321
What Can We Learn from Student Performance Measures? Identifying Treatment in the Presence of Curves and Letter Grades
Glen R. Waddell, Jenni Putz
IZA Discussion Paper No. 15314
Regime and Treatment Effects in Duration Models: Decomposing Expectation and Transplant Effects on the Kidney Waitlist
Stephen Kastoryano
IZA Discussion Paper No. 15301
Migration and University Education: An Empirical (Macro) Link
Sule Akkoyunlu, Gil S. Epstein, Ira N. Gang
IZA Discussion Paper No. 15297
The Effect of Higher Education on Women's Obesity and Smoking: Evidence from College Openings in Turkey
Badi H. Baltagi, Alfonso Flores-Lagunes, Haci M. Karatas
published in: Economic Modelling, 2023, 123, 106-286.
IZA Discussion Paper No. 15290
Optimal Travel Restrictions in Epidemics
Wei Shi, Yun Qiu, Pei Yu, Xi Chen
also available in: Spatial Data Lab, 2020, Webinars on Modeling COVID-19 Pandemic? Resources, Methodology and Applications, Harvard Dataverse, V4
IZA Discussion Paper No. 15241
Abadie's Kappa and Weighting Estimators of the Local Average Treatment Effect
Tymon Sloczynski, Derya Uysal, Jeffrey M. Wooldridge
published in: Journal of Business & Economic Statistics, 2024, 43 (1), 164–177
IZA Discussion Paper No. 15234
How Economic, Political and Institutional Factors Influence the Choice of Exchange Rate Regimes? New Evidence from Selected Countries of the MENA Region
Najia Maraoui, Thouraya Hadj Amor, Islem Khefacha, Christophe Rault
IZA Discussion Paper No. 15230
Partially Linear Models under Data Combination
Xavier D'Haultfoeuille, Christophe Gaillac, Arnaud Maurel
published online in: Review of Economic Studies, 29 March 2024
IZA Discussion Paper No. 15175
The Determinants of Population Self-Control
Deborah A. Cobb-Clark, Sarah C. Dahmann, Daniel A. Kamhöfer, Hannah Schildberg-Hörisch
updated version published as 'Surveillance and self-control' in: Economic Journal, 2024, 134 (660), 1666–1682
IZA Discussion Paper No. 15140
Are Retirees More Satisfied? Anticipation and Adaptation Effects: A Causal Panel Analysis of German Statutory Insured and Civil Service Pensioners
Joachim Merz
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