The IZA Discussion Paper Series (ISSN: 2365-9793) disseminates high-quality research by IZA network members to the scientific community and the interested public worldwide before they are later published in academic journals. Comprising more than 17,000 papers, IZA's publication flagship is the most influential working paper series in labor economics.

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4,430 IZA Discussion Papers
IZA Discussion Paper No. 18293
Good-for-Nothing Entrepreneurs: Capitalism and Democratic Decline in the West
Wim Naudé
IZA Discussion Paper No. 18282
Economic Consequences of Political Persecution (updated research)
Radim Bohacek, Michal Myck
This Discussion Paper updates and extends the analysis presented in IZA DP 11136.
IZA Discussion Paper No. 18275
Ethnic Wage Differences in Aotearoa New Zealand
David C. Maré, Thomas Benison
IZA Discussion Paper No. 18273
Designing Effective Interventions
Sebastian Riedmiller, Matthias Sutter, Sebastian Tonke
IZA Discussion Paper No. 18270
The Stability of Self-Control in Unstable Times
Deborah A. Cobb-Clark, Anthony Lepinteur, Giorgia Menta
IZA Discussion Paper No. 18266
Direct Democracy and Political Extremism
Nicolas Schreiner, Alois Stutzer
IZA Discussion Paper No. 18265
The Evolution of Hours Worked and the Gender Wage Gap: Theory and Evidence from Four Countries
Daniele Checchi, Daniel Kreisman, Cecilia García-Peñalosa
IZA Discussion Paper No. 18261
Immigration, Identity Choices, and Cultural Diversity
Yasmine Elkhateeb, Riccardo Turati, Jérôme Valette
IZA Discussion Paper No. 18257
Rating Government Procurement Markets
Tatyana Deryugina, Alminas Zaldokas, Anastassia Fedyk, Yuriy Gorodnichenko, James Hodson, Ilona Sologoub
IZA Discussion Paper No. 18252
Women’s Empowerment in Times of Conflict: Evidence from Yemen
Phoebe W. Ishak, Alia Aghajanian, Yashodhan Ghorpade
IZA Discussion Paper No. 18251
Uncovering the Biological Toll of Neighborhood Disorder Trajectories: New Evidence Using Machine Learning Methods and Biomarkers in Older Adults
Jiao Yu, Thomas K.M. Cudjoe, Walter S. Mathis, Xi Chen
IZA Discussion Paper No. 18250
Cisterns for Life: Climate Adaptation Policies for Water Provision and Rural Lives
Yuri Barreto, Diogo Britto, Bladimir Carrillo, Daniel Da Mata, Lucas Emanuel, Breno Sampaio
IZA Discussion Paper No. 18239
Foreign Accents and Employer Beliefs: Experimental Evidence on Hiring Discrimination
Elisa Taveras, Ozlem Tonguc, Maria Zhu, Nicola Miller
IZA Discussion Paper No. 18233
The (In)effectiveness of Targeted Payroll Tax Reductions
Alessandra Fenizia, Nicholas Y. Li, Luca Citino
IZA Discussion Paper No. 18226
Stereotypes, Awareness, and STEM Major Choice
Maria De Paola, Patrizia Ordine, Giuseppe Rose
IZA Discussion Paper No. 18223
Unequal Expression: Social Position, APOE Genotype and Risk of Dementia
José M. Aravena, Xi Chen, Becca R. Levy
IZA Discussion Paper No. 18222
Does Local Diversity Affect Charitable Giving?
Baris Yörük
IZA Discussion Paper No. 18217
Exclusionary Government Rhetoric and Migration Intentions
Pawel Adrjan, Jan Gromadzki
IZA Discussion Paper No. 18216
Firm Productivity and Ethnic Wages
David C. Maré, Richard Fabling
IZA Discussion Paper No. 18210
A Change Is Gonna Come: Universality, Stability, and Shocks in Personality Traits in Rural India
Arnaud Natal, Christophe Jalil Nordman
forthcoming in: The Journal of Development Studies, 2025
IZA Discussion Paper No. 18209
Gender Identity, Norms, and Happiness
Natalia Danzer, Rachel Kranton, Piotr Larysz, Claudia Senik
IZA Discussion Paper No. 18206
Firms and Ethnic Wage Differences
David C. Maré, Richard Fabling
IZA Discussion Paper No. 18202
Labor Markets as Human Ecosystems: The Insider-Outsider Theory Reconsidered
Dennis J. Snower
IZA Discussion Paper No. 18201
Minimum Unit Pricing, Alcohol Consumption and Infant Health: Evidence from the Alice Springs Liquor Supply Plan
Steve Guthridge, Stefanie Schurer, Paige J. Taylor
IZA Discussion Paper No. 18190
Income Taxation Across Countries
Xincheng Qiu, Nicolo Russo
IZA Discussion Paper No. 18189
Public Gains, Private Strains: Public Investment and Private Schooling in Peru
Sonja Fagernäs, Diego de la Fuente Stevens, Panu Pelkonen, Juan Manuel del Pozo Segura
IZA Discussion Paper No. 18187
Working from Home and Mental Health: Giving Employees a Choice Does Make a Difference
Uwe Jirjahn, Cinzia Rienzo
IZA Discussion Paper No. 18182
Economic Development in the 21st Century
Carmel U. Chiswick
IZA Discussion Paper No. 18181
Performance Pay and Happiness: Work vs. Home?
Mehrzad B. Baktash, John S. Heywood, Uwe Jirjahn
IZA Discussion Paper No. 18179
In Pursuit of the Green Transition—Electricity at Any Cost?
Per Fahlén, Magnus Henrekson, Mats Nilsson
IZA Discussion Paper No. 18176
The Immediate and Lasting Effects of Heat Waves On Workers
Hannah Klauber, Nicolas Koch, Nico Pestel
IZA Discussion Paper No. 18167
Ageing, Health and Predicting Future Employment Exits: A Penalised Regression Approach
Apostolos Davillas, Andrew M. Jones
IZA Discussion Paper No. 18153
Beyond Collective Agreements: The Rise of the Wage Cushion in Germany
André Rieder, Claus Schnabel
IZA Discussion Paper No. 18151
COVID-19 Induced Asian Discrimination and Health: What Can We Learn from Reported Health Status?
Abdihafit Shaeye, Ruth Uwaifo Oyelere
IZA Discussion Paper No. 18147
Covariate Balancing and the Equivalence of Weighting and Doubly Robust Estimators of Average Treatment Effects
Tymon Sloczynski, Derya Uysal, Jeffrey M. Wooldridge
IZA Discussion Paper No. 18141
Gender Identity Norms, Mental Health, and Relationship Strain
David W. Johnston, Rachel Knott, Nidhiya Menon
IZA Discussion Paper No. 18139
Upholding Unions – How Colleagues Shape Union Membership?
Harald Dale-Olsen, Henning Finseraas, Kristine Nergaard, Elin Svarstad
IZA Discussion Paper No. 18136
Sailing Through Troubled Waters: Evidence from Support Discontinuities to Firms in Times of Crisis
Ana Martins, João Pereira dos Santos, Fernando Pozzobon
IZA Discussion Paper No. 18134
Vocational Education, Earnings and Job Satisfaction in Europe
Seamus McGuinness, Lorcan Kelly, Anne Devlin, Adele Whelan
IZA Discussion Paper No. 18133
Developing a New European Indicator of Potential Skill Shortages
Seamus McGuinness, Elisa Staffa, Sangwoo Lee, Lorcan Kelly, Paul Redmond
IZA Discussion Paper No. 18125
Board Gender Diversity and Workforce Composition, Compensation, and Retention for U.S. Publicly Traded Firms
Tanya Byker, Sara Malik, Elena Patel, Jason Sandvik
IZA Discussion Paper No. 18122
Social Risk, Fairness Types, and Redistribution
Stefania Bortolotti, Felix Kölle, Ivan Soraperra, Matthias Sutter
IZA Discussion Paper No. 18116
On the Road to Better Life? Rural Road and Economic Development in Albania
Santosh Kumar Gautam, Ermal Ilirjani, Patralekha Ukil
IZA Discussion Paper No. 18115
Strategic Responses to Disparities in Spousal Desired Fertility: Experimental Evidence from Rural Tanzania
Catalina Herrera-Almanza, Aine Seitz McCarthy
IZA Discussion Paper No. 18113
The Heterosis Effect in Human Capital and Wealth Accumulation
Chen Zhu, Petri Böckerman
IZA Discussion Paper No. 18108
Location Matters: Insights from a Natural Field Experiment to Enhance Small Business Tax Compliance in Indonesia
Sarah Dong, Agung Satyadini, Mathias Sinning
IZA Discussion Paper No. 18106
Earnings Responses to Social Security Contributions: Evidence from Older Workers in Canada
Adam M. Lavecchia, James Stutely
IZA Discussion Paper No. 18102
Demand for Green Skills in an Evolving Landscape
Esther Arenas-Arroyo, Jacob Fabian, Friederike Mengel, Bernhard Schmidpeter, Michel Serafinelli
IZA Discussion Paper No. 18099
Political Views and College Choices in a Polarized America
Riley Acton, Emily E. Cook, Paola Ugalde Araya
IZA Discussion Paper No. 18096
Unfair Chances and Labor Supply
Nickolas Gagnon, Kristof Bosmans, Arno Riedl
IZA Discussion Paper No. 18092
Pipeline vs. Choice: The Global Gender Gap in STEM Applications
Isaac Ahimbisibwe, Adam Altjmed, Georgy Artemov, Andres Barrios-Fernandez, Aspasia Bizopoulou, Martti Kaila, Jin-Tan Liu, Rigissa Megalokonomou, Jose Montalban, Christopher A. Neilson, Jintao Sun, Sebastian Otero, Xiaoyang Ye
IZA Discussion Paper No. 18088
The Labour Market Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Individuals with Disabilities: The Case of Ireland
Elish Kelly, Bertrand Maitre
IZA Discussion Paper No. 18086
Adolescent Core Self-Evaluation and Adult Interpersonal Trust: Evidence from the 1970 British Cohort Study
Anna Adamecz, Hubert János Kiss
IZA Discussion Paper No. 18081
How Religion Mediates the Fertility Response to Maternity Benefits
Elizabeth Brainerd, Olga Malkova
IZA Discussion Paper No. 18076
Early Release via Parole and Recidivism
Armando N. Meier, Jonathan Levav, Stephan Meier, Liora G. Avnaim
this paper presents an update of the former IZA Discussion Paper No. 13035, titled 'Early Release and Recidivism'
IZA Discussion Paper No. 18074
Quality, Safety, and Disparities of AI Chatbots in Managing Chronic Diseases: Experimental Evidence
Yafei Si, Yurun Meng, Xi Chen, Ruopeng An, Limin Mao, Bingqin Li, Hazel Bateman, Han Zhang, Hongbin Fan, Jiaqi Zu, Shaoqing Gong, Zhongliang Zhou, Yudong Miao
published online in: npj Digital Medicine, 25 September 2025
IZA Discussion Paper No. 18073
Can’t Buy Me Home: Beliefs, Facts, and Policy in the Housing Affordability Crisis
Alda Botelho Azevedo, Inês Gonçalves, João Pereira dos Santos
IZA Discussion Paper No. 18060
The Burden of Comparison: Relative Socioeconomic Position and Adolescent Socioemotional Development
Giulia Gambardella, Ilham Ben Lenda, Lucia Mangiavacchi, Luca Piccoli
IZA Discussion Paper No. 18059
Management Practices, Workplace Health Promotion and Productivity
Uwe Jirjahn, Jens Mohrenweiser
IZA Discussion Paper No. 18057
Beyond Income: Understanding Preferences for Redistribution Among the Top 1%
Matías Strehl-Pessina, Marcelo Bergolo, Martin Leites
IZA Discussion Paper No. 18054
Mine, Theirs or Ours? A Multi-Country Experiment on Citizens’ Motivations to Invest in Mental Health
Pierluigi Conzo, Marina Della Giusta, Florent Dubois, Giacomo Rosso, Giovanni Razzu
IZA Discussion Paper No. 18052
The Social Lifecycle Impacts of Power Plant Siting in the Historical United States
Karen Clay, Danae Hernandez-Cortes, Akshaya Jha, Joshua Lewis, Noah Miller, Edson Severnini
IZA Discussion Paper No. 18046
Stunted Adolescence: The Anomalous Growth Pattern of Americans Born After Mid-Century
Nicholas Reynolds
IZA Discussion Paper No. 18041
Populism and the Skill-Content of Globalization
Frédéric Docquier, Stefano Iandolo, Hillel Rapoport, Riccardo Turati, Gonzague Vannoorenberghe
IZA Discussion Paper No. 18040
‘Sorting’ Out Gender Discrimination and Disadvantage: Evidence from Student Evaluations of Teaching
Sara Ayllón, Lars Lefgren, Richard Patterson, Olga B. Stoddard, Nicolas Urdaneta
IZA Discussion Paper No. 18037
Short- and Long-Term Effects of Universal Preschool: Evidence from the Arab Population in Israel
Elad DeMalach, Analia Schlosser
IZA Discussion Paper No. 18034
Media Stars: Statistical Significance and Research Impact
Abel Brodeur, Nikolai Cook, Anthony Heyes, Taylor Wright
IZA Discussion Paper No. 18031
An Analysis of Slaveholders According to the 1850 Census
Barry R. Chiswick, RaeAnn Halenda Robinson
IZA Discussion Paper No. 18022
The Time Cost of a Disability
Daniel S. Hamermesh, Michal Myck
published in: Journal of Health Economics, 2025, 104, 103079
IZA Discussion Paper No. 18016
School Enrollment Shifts Five Years After the Pandemic
Abigail Francis, Joshua Goodman
IZA Discussion Paper No. 18015
Spatial Patterns in the Formation of Economic Preferences
Shyamal Chowdhury, Manuela Puente-Beccar, Hannah Schildberg-Hörisch, Sebastian O. Schneider, Matthias Sutter
IZA Discussion Paper No. 18014
Unemployment Insurance Eligibility and Employment Duration
Clément Brébion, Simon Briole, Laura Khoury
IZA Discussion Paper No. 18005
Reaching Marginalized Job Seekers Through Public Employment Services: Experimental Evidence from Ethiopia
Marc J. Witte, Johanna Roth, Morgan Hardy, Christian Johannes Meyer
IZA Discussion Paper No. 18004
Childcare as Infrastructure: The Impact of COVID-19 on Childcare and Gender Equity
Alicia Sasser Modestino, Zachary Finn, Jamie Ladge, Alisa Lincoln
IZA Discussion Paper No. 18002
An Economic Theory of Sexual Exchanges and Human Capital
Elias Carroni, Marina Della Giusta, Davide Dragone
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17999
The Labour Market and Health Effects of a Diabetes Warning: Evidence of Gender and Age Differences from the Lifelines Cohort Study
Claudio Annibali, Annette Bergemann, Rob Alessie
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17993
Measuring the Incidence and Impacts of Skill Gaps Among European Workers
Seamus McGuinness, Elisa Staffa
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17992
The Demographic Impact of Leadership: Mayoral Education and COVID-19 Excess Mortality in Italy
Francesco Mattioli, Alessandra Minello, Tommaso Nannicini
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17983
The Asymmetric Incidence of Business Taxes: Survey Evidence from German Firms
Richard Winter, Philipp Doerrenberg, Fabian Eble, Davud Rostam-Afschar, Johannes Voget
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17980
Returns to College Education of Chinese Manufacturing Employees: Who Benefits More?
Yuheng Lin, Dooruj Rambaccussing, Yu Zhu
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17974
The Right Timing Matters: Sensitive Periods in the Formation of Socio-Emotional Skills
Laura Breitkopf, Shyamal Chowdhury, Daniel A. Kamhöfer, Hannah Schildberg-Hörisch, Matthias Sutter
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17968
Polycrisis in Agrifood Systems: Climate-Conflict Interactions and Labor Dynamics for Women and Youth in 21 African Countries
Wolfgang Stojetz, Carlo Azzarri, Erdgin Mane, Tilman Brück
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17964
Early Withdrawal of Retirement Savings After a Severe Health Shock: Evidence from Linked Administrative Data
Thomas Longden, Maryam Naghsh Nejad
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17962
Voting Among Siblings
Michael D. Bloem, John B. Holbein, Samuel J. Imlay, Jonathan Smith
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17957
When Parents Work from Home
Pascal Achard, Michèle Belot, Arnaud Chevalier
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17946
Seeing It in a New Light: Do Cross-Disciplinary Comparisons Make Learning Economic and Financial Concepts Click?
Stefani Milovanska-Farrington, Olivier LaForge, Jennifer Burton
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17945
Incentives for Retrieval Practice and Exam Performance of College Students
Fady Mansour, Stefani Milovanska-Farrington, Nour Kattih, Mohammed Saeed
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17942
The Value of a Park in Crises: Quantifying the Health and Wellbeing Benefits of Green Spaces Using Exogenous Variations in Use Values
Christian Krekel, Jan Goebel, Katrin Rehdanz
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17936
The Labor Supply Curve is Upward Sloping: The Labor Market Effects of Immigrant-Induced Demand Shocks
Sigurd Galaasen, Andreas Ravndal Kostøl, Joan Monras, Jonathan Vogel
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17935
Which Macroeconomic News Matters for Price-Setting?
Lukas Hack, Davud Rostam-Afschar
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17934
The Inequality and Mobility of Exposure to European Soviet Communism
Joan Costa-Font, Anna Nicinska, Melcior Rossello Roig
published online in: Journal of Comparative Economics, 28 August 2025
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17933
Tourism and Growth in the Local Labor Market
Laura Conti, Marco Francesconi, Giulio Papini, Michel Serafinelli
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17931
Anchoring Effects in the Elicitation of Multidimensional Beliefs: Evidence from a Representative Survey Experiment
Philipp Lergetporer, Thomas Rittmannsberger, Katharina Werner, Helen Zeidler
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17930
Breaking the Early Bell: Lessons from the First Statewide Mandate on School Start Times
Jialu Dou, Rania Gihleb, Osea Giuntella, Jakub Lonsky
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17927
Does Education Improve Financial Outcomes? Evidence from Stock Market and Retirement Accounts in Türkiye
Abdurrahman B. Aydemir, Yasar Ersan
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17925
The Impact of Mining-Induced Earthquakes on Mental Health: Evidence from the Dutch Lifelines Cohort Study and Biobank
Ailun Shui, Gerard J. van den Berg, Jochen O. Mierau, Laura Viluma
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17924
Coming of Age: The Hidden Health Costs of Legal Age Limits
Petri Böckerman, Mika Haapanen, Christopher Jepsen
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17923
Consumption Responses to a Major Minimum Wage Increase: Evidence from Spain
Ignacio González, Hector Sala, Pedro Trivín
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17915
COVID-19 and Subjective Well-Being in the United States: Age Matters
Younghwan Song
published in: Journal of Happiness Studies, 2025, 26, 84 (2025)
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17913
The Heterogeneous Effects of Large and Small Minimum Wage Changes on Hours Worked: Evidence Using a Partially Pre-Committed Analysis Plan
Jeffrey Clemens, Michael R. Strain
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