TY  - RPRT
        AU  - Gimenez-Nadal, José Ignacio
AU  - Molina, José Alberto
AU  - Velilla, Jorge
        TI  - Excess Commuting in the US: Differences between the Self-Employed and Employees
        PY  - 2015/Oct/
        PB  - Institute of Labor Economics (IZA)
        CY  - Bonn
        T2  - IZA Discussion Paper
        IS  - 9425
        UR  - https://www.iza.org/publications/dp9425
        AB  - In this paper, we propose a new spatial framework to model excess commuting of workers and we show empirical differences between the self-employed and employees in the US. In a theoretical framework where self-employed workers minimize their commuting time, employees do not minimize their commuting time because they lack full information, and thus the difference between the time devoted to commuting by self-employed workers and employees is modeled as wasteful commuting (i.e., excess commuting). We first formulate a microeconomic framework for commuting by modeling the location of individuals in urban cores surrounded by rings. Using the American Time Use Survey for the years 2003-2013, our empirical results show that employees spend twelve more minutes per day, or forty percent of the average commuting time, compared to their self-employed counterparts. This is consistent with our "diana" model, in that location is an important factor.
        KW  - excess commuting
KW  - urban cores
KW  - American Time Use Survey
KW  - self-employed workers
KW  - employees
        ER  -