%0 Report
        %A Gimenez-Nadal, José Ignacio
%A Molina, José Alberto
%A Velilla, Jorge
        %T Excess Commuting in the US: Differences between the Self-Employed and Employees
        %D 2015
        %8 2015 Oct
        %I Institute of Labor Economics (IZA)
        %C Bonn
        %7 IZA Discussion Paper
        %N 9425
        %U https://www.iza.org/publications/dp9425
        %X In this paper, we propose a new spatial framework to model excess commuting of workers and we show empirical differences between the self-employed and employees in the US. In a theoretical framework where self-employed workers minimize their commuting time, employees do not minimize their commuting time because they lack full information, and thus the difference between the time devoted to commuting by self-employed workers and employees is modeled as wasteful commuting (i.e., excess commuting). We first formulate a microeconomic framework for commuting by modeling the location of individuals in urban cores surrounded by rings. Using the American Time Use Survey for the years 2003-2013, our empirical results show that employees spend twelve more minutes per day, or forty percent of the average commuting time, compared to their self-employed counterparts. This is consistent with our "diana" model, in that location is an important factor.
        %K excess commuting
%K urban cores
%K American Time Use Survey
%K self-employed workers
%K employees