@TechReport{iza:izadps:dp9425,
            	author={Gimenez-Nadal, José Ignacio and Molina, José Alberto and Velilla, Jorge},
            	title={Excess Commuting in the US: Differences between the Self-Employed and Employees},
            	year={2015},
	month={Oct},
            	institution={Institute of Labor Economics (IZA)},
            	address={Bonn},
            	type={IZA Discussion Paper},
            	number={9425},
            	url={https://www.iza.org/publications/dp9425},
	abstract={In this paper, we propose a new spatial framework to model excess commuting of workers and we show empirical differences between the self-employed and employees in the US. In a theoretical framework where self-employed workers minimize their commuting time, employees do not minimize their commuting time because they lack full information, and thus the difference between the time devoted to commuting by self-employed workers and employees is modeled as wasteful commuting (i.e., excess commuting). We first formulate a microeconomic framework for commuting by modeling the location of individuals in urban cores surrounded by rings. Using the American Time Use Survey for the years 2003-2013, our empirical results show that employees spend twelve more minutes per day, or forty percent of the average commuting time, compared to their self-employed counterparts. This is consistent with our "diana" model, in that location is an important factor.},
	keywords={excess commuting;urban cores;American Time Use Survey;self-employed workers;employees},
            }