@TechReport{iza:izadps:dp9399,
            	author={Clay, Karen and Lewis, Joshua and Severnini, Edson},
            	title={Pollution, Infectious Disease, and Mortality: Evidence from the 1918 Spanish Influenza Pandemic},
            	year={2015},
	month={Oct},
            	institution={Institute of Labor Economics (IZA)},
            	address={Bonn},
            	type={IZA Discussion Paper},
            	number={9399},
            	url={https://www.iza.org/publications/dp9399},
	abstract={This paper uses the 1918 influenza pandemic as a natural experiment to examine whether air pollution affects susceptibility to infectious disease. The empirical analysis combines the sharp timing of the pandemic with large cross-city differences in baseline pollution measures based on coal-fired electricity generating capacity for a sample 183 American cities.
The findings suggest that air pollution exacerbated the impact of the pandemic. Proximity to World War I military bases and baseline city health conditions also contributed to pandemic severity. The effects of air pollution are quantitatively important. Had coal-fired capacity in above-median cities been reduced to the median level, 3,400-5,860 pandemic-related infant deaths and 15,575-23,686 pandemic-related all-age deaths would have been averted. These results highlight the complementarity between air pollution and infectious disease on health, and suggest that there may be large co-benefits associated with pollution abatement policies.},
	keywords={mortality;infectious disease;pollution;1918 influenza pandemic},
            }