TY  - RPRT
        AU  - Koppensteiner, Martin Foureaux
AU  - Manacorda, Marco
        TI  - Violence and Birth Outcomes: Evidence from Homicides in Brazil
        PY  - 2015/Jul/
        PB  - Institute of Labor Economics (IZA)
        CY  - Bonn
        T2  - IZA Discussion Paper
        IS  - 9211
        UR  - https://www.iza.org/publications/dp9211
        AB  - This paper uses microdata from Brazilian natality and mortality vital statistics between 2000 and 2010 to estimate the impact of in-utero exposure to local violence – measured by homicide rates - on birth outcomes. The estimates show that exposure to violence during the first trimester of pregnancy leads to a small but precisely estimated increase in the risk of low birthweight and prematurity. Effects are found in both rural areas, where homicides are rare, and in urban areas, where violence is endemic and are particularly pronounced among children of poorly educated mothers, implying that violence compounds the disadvantage that these children already suffer as a result of their households' lower socioeconomic status.
        KW  - stress
KW  - birth outcomes
KW  - birthweight
KW  - homicides
KW  - Brazil
        ER  -