%0 Report
        %A Burda, Michael C.
%A Genadek, Katie R.
%A Hamermesh, Daniel S.
        %T Not Working at Work: Loafing, Unemployment and Labor Productivity
        %D 2015
        %8 2015 Jun
        %I Institute of Labor Economics (IZA)
        %C Bonn
        %7 IZA Discussion Paper
        %N 9095
        %U https://www.iza.org/publications/dp9095
        %X Using the American Time Use Survey (ATUS) 2003-12, we estimate time spent by workers in non-work while on the job. Non-work time is substantial and varies positively with the local unemployment rate. While the average time spent by workers in non-work conditional on any positive non-work rises with the unemployment rate, the fraction of workers who report time in non-work varies pro-cyclically, declining in recessions. These results are consistent with a model in which heterogeneous workers are paid efficiency wages to refrain from loafing on the job. That model correctly predicts relationships of the incidence and conditional amounts of non-work with wage rates and measures of unemployment benefits in state data linked to the ATUS, and it is consistent with observed occupational differences in non-work.
        %K labor productivity
%K time use
%K non-work
%K loafing
%K shirking
%K efficiency wage