@TechReport{iza:izadps:dp9095,
            	author={Burda, Michael C. and Genadek, Katie R. and Hamermesh, Daniel S.},
            	title={Not Working at Work: Loafing, Unemployment and Labor Productivity},
            	year={2015},
	month={Jun},
            	institution={Institute of Labor Economics (IZA)},
            	address={Bonn},
            	type={IZA Discussion Paper},
            	number={9095},
            	url={https://www.iza.org/publications/dp9095},
	abstract={Using the American Time Use Survey (ATUS) 2003-12, we estimate time spent by workers in non-work while on the job. Non-work time is substantial and varies positively with the local unemployment rate. While the average time spent by workers in non-work conditional on any positive non-work rises with the unemployment rate, the fraction of workers who report time in non-work varies pro-cyclically, declining in recessions. These results are consistent with a model in which heterogeneous workers are paid efficiency wages to refrain from loafing on the job. That model correctly predicts relationships of the incidence and conditional amounts of non-work with wage rates and measures of unemployment benefits in state data linked to the ATUS, and it is consistent with observed occupational differences in non-work.},
	keywords={labor productivity;time use;non-work;loafing;shirking;efficiency wage},
            }