%0 Report
        %A Gimpelson, Vladimir
%A Kapeliushnikov, Rostislav
        %T Polarization or Upgrading? Evolution of Employment in Transitionary Russia
        %D 2014
        %8 2014 Dec
        %I Institute of Labor Economics (IZA)
        %C Bonn
        %7 IZA Discussion Paper
        %N 8688
        %U https://www.iza.org/publications/dp8688
        %X This paper discusses the structural change in the Russian employment and explores whether the evolution of employment over 2000-2012 followed the scenario of progressive upgrading in job quality or brought about the polarization of jobs in terms of their quality.  Jobs are defined here as occupation-industry cells and their quality is measured through relative earnings and education levels. Using detailed micro-data from a few complementary large scale surveys, we rank all jobs according to the earnings and educational criteria and divide these distributions into 5 quintiles. At the next stage, we explore dynamic changes in job quality and socio-demographic characteristics of workers in different quintiles. The paper rejects the polarization scenario and confirms the upgrading hypothesis.
        %K employment restructuring
%K job quality
%K job upgrading
%K job polarization
%K Russia