@TechReport{iza:izadps:dp8688,
            	author={Gimpelson, Vladimir and Kapeliushnikov, Rostislav},
            	title={Polarization or Upgrading? Evolution of Employment in Transitionary Russia},
            	year={2014},
	month={Dec},
            	institution={Institute of Labor Economics (IZA)},
            	address={Bonn},
            	type={IZA Discussion Paper},
            	number={8688},
            	url={https://www.iza.org/publications/dp8688},
	abstract={This paper discusses the structural change in the Russian employment and explores whether the evolution of employment over 2000-2012 followed the scenario of progressive upgrading in job quality or brought about the polarization of jobs in terms of their quality.  Jobs are defined here as occupation-industry cells and their quality is measured through relative earnings and education levels. Using detailed micro-data from a few complementary large scale surveys, we rank all jobs according to the earnings and educational criteria and divide these distributions into 5 quintiles. At the next stage, we explore dynamic changes in job quality and socio-demographic characteristics of workers in different quintiles. The paper rejects the polarization scenario and confirms the upgrading hypothesis.},
	keywords={employment restructuring;job quality;job upgrading;job polarization;Russia},
            }