TY  - RPRT
        AU  - Battistin, Erich
AU  - Nadai, Michele De
AU  - Vuri, Daniela
        TI  - Counting Rotten Apples: Student Achievement and Score Manipulation in Italian Elementary Schools
        PY  - 2014/Aug/
        PB  - Institute of Labor Economics (IZA)
        CY  - Bonn
        T2  - IZA Discussion Paper
        IS  - 8405
        UR  - https://www.iza.org/publications/dp8405
        AB  - We derive bounds for the average of math and language scores of elementary school students in Italy correcting for pervasive score manipulation. Information on the fraction of manipulated data is retrieved from a natural experiment that randomly assigns external monitors to schools. We show how bounds can be tightened imposing restrictions on the measurement properties of the manipulation indicator developed by the government agency charged with test administration and data collection. We additionally assume that manipulation is more likely in those classes at the lower end of the distribution of true scores. Our results show that regional rankings by academic performance are reversed once manipulation is properly taken into account.
        KW  - nonparametric bounds
KW  - measurement error
KW  - corrupt sampling
KW  - partial identification
        ER  -