TY  - RPRT
        AU  - Schneider, Friedrich
        TI  - The Shadow Economy and Shadow Labor Force: A Survey of Recent Developments
        PY  - 2014/Jun/
        PB  - Institute of Labor Economics (IZA)
        CY  - Bonn
        T2  - IZA Discussion Paper
        IS  - 8278
        UR  - https://www.iza.org/publications/dp8278
        AB  - This survey presents the various methods to estimate the size of the shadow economy, their strengths and weaknesses and the estimation results. The purpose of the survey is threefold. Firstly, it demonstrates that no ideal method to estimate the size and development of the shadow economy exists. Because of its flexibility, the MIMIC method used to get macro-estimates of the size of the shadow economy is discussed in greater detail. Secondly, the paper focuses on the definition and causal factors of the shadow economy as well as on a comparison of the size of the shadow economy using different estimation methods. Thirdly, estimations of the size of the shadow economy and shadow labor force are presented and discussed.
        KW  - shadow economy estimates
KW  - shadow labor force
KW  - MIMIC approach
KW  - methods to estimate the shadow economy
KW  - advantages and disadvantages of the measurement methods
KW  - shadow labor force and unemployment
KW  - micro studies on shadow labor force
        ER  -