@TechReport{iza:izadps:dp8219,
            	author={Block, Jörn and Kohn, Karsten and Miller, Danny and Ullrich, Katrin},
            	title={Necessity Entrepreneurship and Competitive Strategy},
            	year={2014},
	month={May},
            	institution={Institute of Labor Economics (IZA)},
            	address={Bonn},
            	type={IZA Discussion Paper},
            	number={8219},
            	url={https://www.iza.org/publications/dp8219},
	abstract={Many start-ups chose to compete with incumbent firms using one of two generic strategies: cost leadership or differentiation. Our study demonstrates how this choice depends on whether the startup was founded out of necessity. Our results, based on a representative data set of 4,568 German start-ups, show that necessity entrepreneurs are more likely than other entrepreneurs to pursue a cost leadership strategy, and less likely to pursue a differentiation strategy. Decomposition analyses further show that up to half of the difference in choice of strategy can be attributed to distinct endowments of human capital, socio-economic attributes, and start-up project characteristics that correlate with necessity entrepreneurship.},
	keywords={competitive strategy;new venture strategy;necessity entrepreneurship;product differentiation;decomposition analysis;cost leadership},
            }