@TechReport{iza:izadps:dp779,
            	author={Biewen, Martin},
            	title={Who Are the Chronic Poor? Evidence on the Extent and the Composition of Chronic Poverty in Germany},
            	year={2003},
	month={May},
            	institution={Institute of Labor Economics (IZA)},
            	address={Bonn},
            	type={IZA Discussion Paper},
            	number={779},
            	url={https://www.iza.org/publications/dp779},
	abstract={Based on a multiple spells approach, this paper studies the extent and the composition of
chronic poverty in Germany. The results indicate that about one third of cross-sectional
poverty in a given year is chronic. The characteristics that are most closely associated with
long-term poverty are economic inactivity and pensioner status, while the number of children
and the gender of the household head do not seem to have a systematic effect. This is in
contrast to cross-sectional results where the biggest poverty risk is usually unemployment
and a large number of children, while pensioners do not face particularly high poverty risks.
Estimates from a multiple spells hazard model further suggest that 6% of the population have
unobserved characteristics that lead to low poverty exit and high re-entry rates, making these
individuals likely candidates for chronic poverty. A comparison with results for Great Britain
and the United States suggests that poverty is less persistent in Germany.},
	keywords={unobserved heterogeneity;chronic poverty;poverty persistence;multiple spells},
            }