@TechReport{iza:izadps:dp743,
            	author={Heineck, Guido and Schwarze, Johannes},
            	title={Substance Use and Earnings: The Case of Smokers in Germany},
            	year={2003},
	month={Mar},
            	institution={Institute of Labor Economics (IZA)},
            	address={Bonn},
            	type={IZA Discussion Paper},
            	number={743},
            	url={https://www.iza.org/publications/dp743},
	abstract={This paper examines the effect of smoking behavior on earnings. Using data from the
GSOEP, both cross-sectional and longitudinal models are estimated separately for males
and females. Results for the cross-sectional models confirm prior analyses inasmuch as
smoking has a negative effect on earnings for males. However, applying fixed-effects
estimation, this effect is found to be inverted for men aged 25 to 35 years compared to their
non-smoking counterparts. That is, controlling for unobservable individual heterogeneity, the
result implies that male smokers are individuals with higher time preference rates. At the
early stage of the age-earnings course higher earnings are therefore found for smokers
because young male non-smokers only are about to start off their occupational career.
Women’s earnings, however, are not affected by smoking behavior.},
	keywords={smoking;earnings regressions},
            }