@TechReport{iza:izadps:dp7151,
            	author={Becker, Sascha O. and Woessmann, Ludger},
            	title={Not the Opium of the People: Income and Secularization in a Panel of Prussian Counties},
            	year={2013},
	month={Jan},
            	institution={Institute of Labor Economics (IZA)},
            	address={Bonn},
            	type={IZA Discussion Paper},
            	number={7151},
            	url={https://www.iza.org/publications/dp7151},
	abstract={The interplay between religion and the economy has occupied social scientists for long. We construct a unique panel of income and Protestant church attendance for six waves of up to 175 Prussian counties spanning 1886-1911. The data reveal a marked decline in church attendance coinciding with increasing income. The cross-section also shows a negative association between income and church attendance. But the association disappears in panel analyses, including first-differenced models of the 1886-1911 change, panel models with county and time fixed effects, and panel Granger-causality tests. The results cast doubt on causal interpretations of the religion-economy nexus in Prussian secularization.},
	keywords={Prussian economic history;secularization;religion},
            }