%0 Report
        %A Gralla, Rafael
%A Kraft, Kornelius
        %T Separating Introduction Effects from Selectivity Effects: The Differences in Employment Patterns of Co-Determined Firms
        %D 2012
        %8 2012 Nov
        %I Institute of Labor Economics (IZA)
        %C Bonn
        %7 IZA Discussion Paper
        %N 7022
        %U https://www.iza.org/publications/dp7022
        %X This study examines differences in employment growth between firms with and without works councils by separating introduction effects from potential selectivity effects. Using a difference in differences framework, we show that firms with works councils have higher employment growth before establishing a works council. However, employment growth declines after introduction. We identify the reason for lower employment growth in reduced hiring rates but constant dismissal rates.
        %K employment growth
%K dismissals
%K hires
%K works councils
%K difference-in-differences