@TechReport{iza:izadps:dp6612,
            	author={Duleep, Harriet},
            	title={The Labor/Land Ratio and India's Caste System},
            	year={2012},
	month={May},
            	institution={Institute of Labor Economics (IZA)},
            	address={Bonn},
            	type={IZA Discussion Paper},
            	number={6612},
            	url={https://www.iza.org/publications/dp6612},
	abstract={This paper proposes that India's caste system and involuntary labor were joint responses by a nonworking landowning class to a low labor/land ratio in which the rules of the caste system supported the institution of involuntary labor. The hypothesis is tested in two ways: longitudinally, with data from ancient religious texts, and cross-sectionally, with twentieth-century statistics on regional population/land ratios linked to anthropological measures of caste-system rigidity. Both the longitudinal and cross-sectional evidence suggest that the labor/land ratio affected the caste system's development, persistence, and rigidity over time and across regions of India.},
	keywords={labor-to-land ratio;population;involuntary labor;immobility;value of life;marginal product of labor;market wage},
            }