TY  - RPRT
        AU  - Gibson, John
AU  - Kim, Bonggeun
AU  - Stillman, Steven
AU  - Boe-Gibson, Geua
        TI  - Time to Vote?
        PY  - 2011/Jul/
        PB  - Institute of Labor Economics (IZA)
        CY  - Bonn
        T2  - IZA Discussion Paper
        IS  - 5854
        UR  - https://www.iza.org/publications/dp5854
        AB  - Despite the centrality of voting costs to the paradox of voting, little effort has been made to accurately measure these costs outside of a few spatially limited case studies. In this paper, we apply Geographic Information Systems (GIS) tools to validated national election survey data from New Zealand. We calculate distance and travel time by road from the place of residence to the nearest polling place and combine our time estimate with imputed wages for all sample members. Using this new measure of the opportunity cost of voting to predict turnout at the individual level, we find that small increases in the opportunity costs of time can have large effects in reducing voter turnout.
        KW  - opportunity cost
KW  - paradox of voting
KW  - travel time
        ER  -