TY  - RPRT
        AU  - Estrin, Saul
AU  - Mickiewicz, Tomasz
AU  - Stephan, Ute
        TI  - For Benevolence and for Self-Interest: Social and Commercial Entrepreneurial Activity across Nations
        PY  - 2011/Jun/
        PB  - Institute of Labor Economics (IZA)
        CY  - Bonn
        T2  - IZA Discussion Paper
        IS  - 5770
        UR  - https://www.iza.org/publications/dp5770
        AB  - We conceptualise social entrepreneurship as a source of social capital which, when present in the environment, enhances commercial entrepreneurship. We also argue that social entrepreneurship should be recognised as a second form of Baumol's (1990) productive entrepreneurship and that it will therefore compete at the individual level for resources with commercial entrepreneurship. Unlike institutional void theory, we see social entrepreneurship as conditional on institutional quality, but consistent with the institutional void perspective we see it as filling the gaps where government activism is lower. These arguments motivate our hypotheses that we test and largely confirm applying multilevel modelling. Our analysis is based on population-representative samples in 47 countries (the 2009 GEM dataset).
        KW  - socio-cognitive theory
KW  - social capital
KW  - social entrepreneurship
KW  - institutional theory
KW  - resources
        ER  -