TY  - RPRT
        AU  - Borghans, Lex
AU  - Golsteyn, Bart H.H.
AU  - Heckman, James J.
AU  - Humphries, John Eric
        TI  - Identification Problems in Personality Psychology
        PY  - 2011/Mar/
        PB  - Institute of Labor Economics (IZA)
        CY  - Bonn
        T2  - IZA Discussion Paper
        IS  - 5605
        UR  - https://www.iza.org/publications/dp5605
        AB  - This paper discusses and illustrates identification problems in personality psychology. The measures used by psychologists to infer traits are based on behaviors, broadly defined. These behaviors are produced from multiple traits interacting with incentives in situations. In general, measures are determined by these multiple traits and do not identify any particular trait unless incentives and other traits are controlled for. Using two data sets, we show, as an example, that substantial portions of the variance in achievement test scores and grades, which are often used as measures of cognition, are explained by personality variables.
        KW  - achievement test
KW  - identification problem
KW  - personality
KW  - psychology
KW  - grades
        ER  -