@TechReport{iza:izadps:dp514,
            	author={Schneider, Friedrich},
            	title={The Size and Development of the Shadow Economies of 22 Transition and 21 OECD Countries},
            	year={2002},
	month={Jun},
            	institution={Institute of Labor Economics (IZA)},
            	address={Bonn},
            	type={IZA Discussion Paper},
            	number={514},
            	url={https://www.iza.org/publications/dp514},
	abstract={Using the currency demand and DYMIMIC approaches estimates are presented about the
size of the shadow economy in 22 Transition and 21 OECD countries. Over 2001/2002 in 21
OECD countries is the average size of the shadow economy (in percent of official GDP)
16.7% of “official” GDP and of 22 Transition countries 38.0%. The average size of the
shadow economy labor force (in percent of the population of working age) of the year
1998/99 in 7 OECD-countries is 15.3% and in 22 Transition countries is 30.2%. An increasing
burden of taxation and social security contributions combined with rising state regulatory
activities are the driving forces for the growth and size of the shadow economy (labor force).},
	keywords={shadow economy;transition economies;tax and social security burden;government regulation},
            }