@TechReport{iza:izadps:dp5020,
            	author={Berger, Johannes and Harbring, Christine and Sliwka, Dirk},
            	title={Performance Appraisals and the Impact of Forced Distribution: An Experimental Investigation},
            	year={2010},
	month={Jun},
            	institution={Institute of Labor Economics (IZA)},
            	address={Bonn},
            	type={IZA Discussion Paper},
            	number={5020},
            	url={https://www.iza.org/publications/dp5020},
	abstract={A real effort experiment is investigated in which supervisors have to rate the performance of individual workers who in turn receive a bonus payment based on these ratings. We compare a baseline treatment in which supervisors were not restricted in their rating behavior to a forced distribution system in which they had to assign differentiated grades. We find that productivity was significantly higher under a forced distribution by about 8%. But also in the absence of forced distribution, deliberate differentiation positively affected output in subsequent work periods.},
	keywords={motivation;performance measurement;experiment;forced distribution},
            }