@TechReport{iza:izadps:dp4557,
            	author={Becker, Sascha O. and Cinnirella, Francesco and Woessmann, Ludger},
            	title={The Trade-off between Fertility and Education: Evidence from before the Demographic Transition},
            	year={2009},
	month={Nov},
            	institution={Institute of Labor Economics (IZA)},
            	address={Bonn},
            	type={IZA Discussion Paper},
            	number={4557},
            	url={https://www.iza.org/publications/dp4557},
	abstract={The trade-off between child quantity and education is a crucial ingredient of unified growth models that explain the transition from Malthusian stagnation to modern growth. We present first evidence that such a trade-off indeed existed before the demographic transition, exploiting a unique census-based dataset of 334 Prussian counties in 1849. Estimating two separate instrumental-variable models that instrument education by landownership inequality and distance to Wittenberg and fertility by previous-generation fertility and sex-imbalance ratio, we find that causation between fertility and education runs both ways. Furthermore, education in 1849 predicts the fertility transition in 1880-1905.},
	keywords={schooling;19th-century Prussia;unified growth theory;fertility transition},
            }