@TechReport{iza:izadps:dp2832,
            	author={Dickinson, David L. and Oxoby, Robert J.},
            	title={Cognitive Dissonance, Pessimism, and Behavioral Spillover Effects},
            	year={2007},
	month={Jun},
            	institution={Institute of Labor Economics (IZA)},
            	address={Bonn},
            	type={IZA Discussion Paper},
            	number={2832},
            	url={https://www.iza.org/publications/dp2832},
	abstract={This paper reports results from a unique two-stage experiment designed to examine the spillover effects of optimism and pessimism. In stage 1, we induce optimism or pessimism onto subjects by randomly assigning a high or low piece rate for performing a cognitive task. We find that participants receiving the low piece rate are significantly more pessimistic with respect to performance on this task. In stage 2 individuals participate in an ultimatum game. We find that minimum acceptable offers are significantly lower for pessimistic subjects, though this pessimism was generated in a completely unrelated environment. These results highlight the existence of important spillover effects that can be behaviorally and economically important – for example, pessimism regarding one’s initial conditions (e.g., living in poverty) may have spillover effects on one’s future labor market outcomes.},
	keywords={experiments;bargaining;pessimism;optimism},
            }