@TechReport{iza:izadps:dp19055,
            	author={Silliman, Mikko and Mäkinen, Juuso},
            	title={Life-Cycle Effects of Public Childcare: Evidence on Children and Their Parents},
            	year={2026},
	month={Oct},
            	institution={Institute of Labor Economics (IZA)},
            	address={Bonn},
            	type={IZA Discussion Paper},
            	number={19055},
            	url={https://www.iza.org/publications/dp19055},
	abstract={This paper provides large-scale evidence linking the economic effects of childcare programs to skills measured in adulthood. We examine Finland's first national public childcare program, and document that it increased parental labor supply ---through retirement--- and improved the adult outcomes of children from poor families, while having muted or negative effects on children higher up in the income distribution. Critically, we leverage Finnish Defence Forces data on the near universe of males to show that the pattern of effects on children's long-term outcomes is underlied by lasting effects on social competence. Further, we find that the magnitude of treatment effects on parental earnings increases with work experience. Due to this dual production of human capital for parents and not just children, we show that life-cycle cost-effectiveness estimates based on the assumption of constant effects underestimate the fiscal benefits of the program.},
	keywords={early childhood;social skills;parental labor supply},
            }