@TechReport{iza:izadps:dp19038,
            	author={Marcotte, Dave E.},
            	title={The 988 Suicide and Crisis Lifeline and Suicide},
            	year={2026},
	month={Oct},
            	institution={Institute of Labor Economics (IZA)},
            	address={Bonn},
            	type={IZA Discussion Paper},
            	number={19038},
            	url={https://www.iza.org/publications/dp19038},
	abstract={In July 2022 the ten-digit National Suicide Prevention Lifeline was replaced with a dedicated three-digit number, 988. This followed a precipitous rise in the suicide rate, especially among youth. Suicide is now the second leading cause of death among Americans aged 15 to 24. In this paper, I estimate the effect of 988 on youth and overall suicide rates. I show that the rollout of 988 increased the number of calls to suicide hotlines and the share of calls that were answered. Nonetheless, I find no evidence that 988 reduced suicide mortality. Using multiple identification strategies, I find no reduction following the national rollout in July 2022, nor do I find evidence that state-level improvements in call answer rates reduced suicide. These findings do not imply that 988 has been ineffective: the rollout clearly improved hotline access and response rates. However, I find no evidence that it reduced emergency-department visits for injuries caused by self-harm.},
	keywords={evaluation;prevention;suicide},
            }