TY  - RPRT
        AU  - Haj, Morien El
AU  - Decuyper, Jana
AU  - Moens, Eline
AU  - Baert, Stijn
AU  - Verhofstadt, Elsy
        TI  - Mind the M’s: A Review of the Implications of Menstruation, Maternity, and Menopause for Work Performance and Attendance
        PY  - 2026/Oct/
        PB  - Institute of Labor Economics (IZA)
        CY  - Bonn
        T2  - IZA Discussion Paper
        IS  - 19016
        UR  - https://www.iza.org/publications/dp19016
        AB  - Menstruation, maternity, and menopause, collectively referred to as the three M’s, affect many employees as a growing number of women participate in the labour force. However, their implications for these women’s working lives have received limited and fragmented attention in the literature. This study therefore provides the first systematic literature review integrating evidence on the impact of the three M’s on work performance and attendance. Following the SPIDER framework and PRISMA guidelines, this study systematically reviews 57 articles. Across all three M’s, findings consistently show reduced work performance, increased presenteeism, and higher absenteeism, explained by interacting biological, psychological, and contextual factors. This study also identifies important limitations in the existing literature, including the dominance of cross-sectional designs, the reliance on subjective measures, and the lack of attention to workplace solutions that address the three M’s collectively.
        KW  - menstruation
KW  - maternity
KW  - menopause
KW  - work performance
KW  - work attendance
        ER  -