@TechReport{iza:izadps:dp18996,
            	author={Duong, Thao and Zhong, Jiee},
            	title={Low-Level Lead Exposure and Children's Human Capital: Evidence from Piston-Engine Aircraft},
            	year={2026},
	month={Oct},
            	institution={Institute of Labor Economics (IZA)},
            	address={Bonn},
            	type={IZA Discussion Paper},
            	number={18996},
            	url={https://www.iza.org/publications/dp18996},
	abstract={How harmful are low levels of lead exposure to children's human capital development? We provide new causal evidence by exploiting a post-2007 surge in piston-engine aircraft activity, the largest remaining source of airborne lead emissions in the United States, driven by flight-training demand. Using a triple-differences design and longitudinal administrative data, we find that students attending schools within one mile of high-surge airports score 0.168 standard deviations lower on reading tests and are 6% and 25% less likely to graduate from high school and enroll in a public university, respectively. Estimated effects on behavioral outcomes are small and statistically insignificant.},
	keywords={piston-engine aircraft;lead emissions;human capital development},
            }