%0 Report
        %A Molina, Teresa
%A Tan, Cara
        %T Conditional Cash Transfers and the Geography of Intergenerational Education Mobility in the Philippines
        %D 2026
        %8 2026 Sep
        %I Institute of Labor Economics (IZA)
        %C Bonn
        %7 IZA Discussion Paper
        %N 18921
        %U https://www.iza.org/publications/dp18921
        %X Using population census data, this paper documents substantial variation in municipality-level measures of upward and relative education mobility across the Philippines. Regressions that control for a rich set of covariates leave one-fifth of the variation in upward mobility and two-thirds of the variation in relative mobility unexplained. To explore the extent to which these measures capture meaningful variation that can be changed by government policy, we exploit municipality-level variation in exposure to a national conditional cash transfer program. Exposure to the program significantly increased average municipality education and upward mobility but had no significant effects on relative mobility.
        %K intergenerational mobility
%K conditional cash transfers
%K education
%K Philippines