@TechReport{iza:izadps:dp18921,
            	author={Molina, Teresa and Tan, Cara},
            	title={Conditional Cash Transfers and the Geography of Intergenerational Education Mobility in the Philippines},
            	year={2026},
	month={Sep},
            	institution={Institute of Labor Economics (IZA)},
            	address={Bonn},
            	type={IZA Discussion Paper},
            	number={18921},
            	url={https://www.iza.org/publications/dp18921},
	abstract={Using population census data, this paper documents substantial variation in municipality-level measures of upward and relative education mobility across the Philippines. Regressions that control for a rich set of covariates leave one-fifth of the variation in upward mobility and two-thirds of the variation in relative mobility unexplained. To explore the extent to which these measures capture meaningful variation that can be changed by government policy, we exploit municipality-level variation in exposure to a national conditional cash transfer program. Exposure to the program significantly increased average municipality education and upward mobility but had no significant effects on relative mobility.},
	keywords={intergenerational mobility;conditional cash transfers;education;Philippines},
            }