TY  - RPRT
        AU  - Cholli, Neil
AU  - Wu, Derek
        TI  - Who Benefits from Digitizing Public Programs?
        PY  - 2026/Aug/
        PB  - Institute of Labor Economics (IZA)
        CY  - Bonn
        T2  - IZA Discussion Paper
        IS  - 18873
        UR  - https://www.iza.org/publications/dp18873
        AB  - Governments increasingly digitize access to public programs, but it remains unclear who benefits. Using administrative microdata from Virginia, we study the impact of an online portal that streamlined SNAP, Medicaid, and TANF applications. Among children and non-elderly adults, the portal raised enrollment by 1.7–2.0% for every ten miles between their residence and local program office. Yet it had no detectable effect on the elderly, despite their lower participation and comparable enrollment barriers. Predicted digital access accounts for 84% of the variation in effects across these groups, showing that digitization can expand access while excluding vulnerable groups like the elderly.
        KW  - digital government
KW  - welfare programs
KW  - take-up
KW  - administrative burdens
KW  - elderly
        ER  -