TY  - RPRT
        AU  - Biroli, Pietro
AU  - Martin-Bassols, Nicolau
AU  - Marees, Andries T.
AU  - Kippersluis, Hans van
AU  - Rietveld, Cornelius A.
AU  - Arce, Pia
AU  - Thom, Kevin
AU  - Hinke, Stephanie von
AU  - Vollen, Jeremy
AU  - Galama, Titus
        TI  - Sources of Inequality at Birth: The Interplay Between Genes and Parental Socioeconomic Status
        PY  - 2026/Apr/
        PB  - Institute of Labor Economics (IZA)
        CY  - Bonn
        T2  - IZA Discussion Paper
        IS  - 18607
        UR  - https://www.iza.org/publications/dp18607
        AB  - The start of a human's life can be characterized by two lotteries: that of your genes (nature) and the family you were born into (nurture). These set in motion a trajectory, from birth onward, in health and human capital. Leveraging three longitudinal social-science data sets, we systematically analyze the relationship between an individual's genotype, the socioeconomic status (SES) of the families they grew up in, and their realized traits in adulthood. We proxy an individual's genetic predisposition by polygenic indexes (PGIs) and family SES by a latent factor of parental education and father's (former) occupational status. We then investigate how PGIs, parental SES, and their interaction contribute to later-life outcomes across a range of forty-five socioeconomic, anthropometric, health, behavioral, and personality traits. We find strong genetic and socioeconomic associations with these phenotypes, but no evidence of sizable gene-environment interactions.
        KW  - gene-by-environment interplay
KW  - genoeconomics
KW  - polygenic indices
KW  - social science genetics
KW  - ESSGN
        ER  -