TY  - RPRT
        AU  - Chen, Ting
AU  - Gu, Jiajia
AU  - Ngai, L. Rachel
AU  - Wang, Jin
        TI  - Sowing Seeds of Mobility:  The Gendered Impact of Land Reform
        PY  - 2026/Apr/
        PB  - Institute of Labor Economics (IZA)
        CY  - Bonn
        T2  - IZA Discussion Paper
        IS  - 18569
        UR  - https://www.iza.org/publications/dp18569
        AB  - We study how land market frictions affect men and women differently during structural transformation, exploiting two major Chinese land reforms that strengthened farmers' rental rights. Using large-language-model text analysis, we construct a county-level reform index and combine it with large panel data to identify causal effects. The reforms shift rural women out of agriculture more than men and reduce urban women's employment and wages relative to men. A multisector model with intra-household labor allocation rationalizes these findings: gender-neutral land market frictions act as gender-specific mobility barriers, and their removal disproportionately accelerates women's transition into non-agricultural employment.
        KW  - gender
KW  - land
KW  - labor mobility
KW  - structural transformation
        ER  -