@TechReport{iza:izadps:dp18344,
            	author={Ásgeirsdottir, Tinna Laufey and Francesconi, Marco and Johannsdottir, Ásthildur M. and Zoega, Gylfi},
            	title={How Home Exams and Peers Affect College Grades in Unprecedented Times},
            	year={2025},
	month={Dec},
            	institution={Institute of Labor Economics (IZA)},
            	address={Bonn},
            	type={IZA Discussion Paper},
            	number={18344},
            	url={https://www.iza.org/publications/dp18344},
	abstract={Leveraging administrative data from the University of Iceland, which cover more than 60% of the undergraduate population in the country, we examine how home exams and peer networks shape grades around the COVID-19 crisis. Using difference-in-difference models with a rich set of fixed effects, we find that home exams taken during university closures raised grades by about 0.5 points (about 7%) relative to invigilated in-person exams outside the pandemic period. Access to a larger share of high-school peers leads to an average grade increase of up to two-fifths of a point, and exposure to higher-quality peers yielded additional, but smaller gains. Interactions between peer-network measures and the COVID/home-exam indicators are near zero, providing no evidence that peer networks amplified home-exam gains during the pandemic.},
	keywords={networks;COVID-19;online education;academic performance;academic dishonesty;Iceland},
            }