@TechReport{iza:izadps:dp18156, author={Patrinos, Harry Anthony}, title={Returns to Education in Greece: Causal Evidence from the 1977 Labor Market Survey}, year={2025}, month={Oct}, institution={Institute of Labor Economics (IZA)}, address={Bonn}, type={IZA Discussion Paper}, number={18156}, url={https://www.iza.org/publications/dp18156}, abstract={We estimate the causal effect of schooling on log earnings using instrumental variables (IV), addressing the endogeneity of schooling by using father’s education as an instrument. The IV estimate implies a return of approximately 7.7 percent per additional year of schooling. First-stage and endogeneity tests confirm instrument strength and the need for IV.}, keywords={instrumental variables;returns to education;causal impact}, }