@TechReport{iza:izadps:dp18072,
            	author={Crépon, Bruno and Elsayed, Ahmed and Gazeaud, Jules},
            	title={Unbiased and Accurate: Measuring Sensitive Outcomes Through Ballot-Bag Surveys},
            	year={2025},
	month={Aug},
            	institution={Institute of Labor Economics (IZA)},
            	address={Bonn},
            	type={IZA Discussion Paper},
            	number={18072},
            	url={https://www.iza.org/publications/dp18072},
	abstract={Prevailing methods for measuring sensitive outcomes confront researchers with an inherent bias-variance trade-off: direct questioning is prone to a sensitivity bias, while indirect methods such as list experiments are substantially less precise. We introduce the ballot-bag, a novel technique that relaxes this trade-off by mitigating bias in direct questioning while improving precision over indirect methods. In a field experiment in Egypt, where direct questions on irregular migration are biased, ballot-bag estimates closely align with those from a list experiment but exhibit significantly lower variance. Consequently, treatment effects are highly significant via the ballot-bag and not via the list experiment.},
	keywords={sensitivity bias;field experiments;survey methods;sensitive behaviors;irregular migration},
            }