TY  - RPRT
        AU  - Docquier, Frédéric
AU  - Iandolo, Stefano
AU  - Rapoport, Hillel
AU  - Turati, Riccardo
AU  - Vannoorenberghe, Gonzague
        TI  - Populism and the Skill-Content of Globalization
        PY  - 2025/Jul/
        PB  - Institute of Labor Economics (IZA)
        CY  - Bonn
        T2  - IZA Discussion Paper
        IS  - 18041
        UR  - https://www.iza.org/publications/dp18041
        AB  - We propose new ways to measure populism, using the Manifesto Project Database (1960-2019) as main source of data. We characterize the evolution of populism over 60 years and show empirically that it is significantly impacted by the skill-content of globalization. Specifically, imports of goods which are intensive in low-skill labor generate more right-wing populism, and low-skill immigration shifts the distribution of votes to the right, with more votes for right-wing populist parties and less for left-wing populist parties. In contrast, imports of high-skill labor intensive goods, as well as high-skill immigration flows, tend to reduce the volume of populism.
        KW  - globalization
KW  - populism
KW  - immigration
KW  - trade
        ER  -