%0 Report
        %A Docquier, Frédéric
%A Iandolo, Stefano
%A Rapoport, Hillel
%A Turati, Riccardo
%A Vannoorenberghe, Gonzague
        %T Populism and the Skill-Content of Globalization
        %D 2025
        %8 2025 Jul
        %I Institute of Labor Economics (IZA)
        %C Bonn
        %7 IZA Discussion Paper
        %N 18041
        %U https://www.iza.org/publications/dp18041
        %X We propose new ways to measure populism, using the Manifesto Project Database (1960-2019) as main source of data. We characterize the evolution of populism over 60 years and show empirically that it is significantly impacted by the skill-content of globalization. Specifically, imports of goods which are intensive in low-skill labor generate more right-wing populism, and low-skill immigration shifts the distribution of votes to the right, with more votes for right-wing populist parties and less for left-wing populist parties. In contrast, imports of high-skill labor intensive goods, as well as high-skill immigration flows, tend to reduce the volume of populism.
        %K globalization
%K populism
%K immigration
%K trade