@TechReport{iza:izadps:dp18041,
            	author={Docquier, Frédéric and Iandolo, Stefano and Rapoport, Hillel and Turati, Riccardo and Vannoorenberghe, Gonzague},
            	title={Populism and the Skill-Content of Globalization},
            	year={2025},
	month={Jul},
            	institution={Institute of Labor Economics (IZA)},
            	address={Bonn},
            	type={IZA Discussion Paper},
            	number={18041},
            	url={https://www.iza.org/publications/dp18041},
	abstract={We propose new ways to measure populism, using the Manifesto Project Database (1960-2019) as main source of data. We characterize the evolution of populism over 60 years and show empirically that it is significantly impacted by the skill-content of globalization. Specifically, imports of goods which are intensive in low-skill labor generate more right-wing populism, and low-skill immigration shifts the distribution of votes to the right, with more votes for right-wing populist parties and less for left-wing populist parties. In contrast, imports of high-skill labor intensive goods, as well as high-skill immigration flows, tend to reduce the volume of populism.},
	keywords={globalization;populism;immigration;trade},
            }