TY  - RPRT
        AU  - Pesola, Hanna Onerva
AU  - Sarvimäki, Matti
AU  - Virkola, Tuomo
        TI  - Paths to Integration: Earnings, Skill Investments, and Outmigration Across Immigrant Admission Categories
        PY  - 2025/Jul/
        PB  - Institute of Labor Economics (IZA)
        CY  - Bonn
        T2  - IZA Discussion Paper
        IS  - 18012
        UR  - https://www.iza.org/publications/dp18012
        AB  - We document substantial heterogeneity in labor market integration, skill investments, and outmigration across immigrant admission categories. Using newly available data on residence permits in Finland, we establish four facts. First, there are large initial differences in employment and earnings across labor, family, refugee, student, and EU migrants. Second, these differences diminish substantially over time. Third, the groups make distinct investments in country-specific and general skills. Fourth, both the prevalence of and selection into outmigration vary widely across admission categories. These findings align with models where investments in skills depend on the expected length of stay in the host country.
        KW  - immigration
KW  - integration
        ER  -