TY  - RPRT
        AU  - Matsukura, Rikiya
AU  - Oshio, Takashi
AU  - Ueno, Yuko
AU  - Usui, Emiko
        TI  - Gender Differences in Children’s Extracurricular Activities: Japanese Parental Preference for STEM Activities for Sons
        PY  - 2025/Jul/
        PB  - Institute of Labor Economics (IZA)
        CY  - Bonn
        T2  - IZA Discussion Paper
        IS  - 17982
        UR  - https://www.iza.org/publications/dp17982
        AB  - Using original survey data from parents of children in kindergarten through junior high school in Tokyo, Japan, we find that parents exhibit stronger preferences for sons over daughters to participate in extracurricular STEM activities, with the gender gap widening as children age. Parents aspiring for their children to pursue STEM degrees prioritize science classes more, a preference more often directed toward boys. These gendered differences affect children’s early exposure to science. Since Japanese students choose between science and humanities tracks by eleventh grade, early disparities may limit girls’ opportunities. Promoting equal STEM access is crucial to reducing these gender gaps.
        KW  - gender
KW  - STEM
KW  - science learning
KW  - Japan
        ER  -