@TechReport{iza:izadps:dp17673,
            	author={Okuyama, Yoko and Murooka, Takeshi and Yamaguchi, Shintaro},
            	title={Unpacking the Child Penalty Using Personnel Data: How Promotion Practices Widen the Gender Pay Gap},
            	year={2025},
	month={Feb},
            	institution={Institute of Labor Economics (IZA)},
            	address={Bonn},
            	type={IZA Discussion Paper},
            	number={17673},
            	url={https://www.iza.org/publications/dp17673},
	abstract={We estimate the child penalty using detailed personnel records that enable decomposition into distinct pay components. Our analysis reveals that the penalty is initially driven by reductions in time-based pay following childbirth. However, job-rank-based pay becomes increasingly significant over time, emerging as the dominant factor by the 15-year mark. These effects are interconnected: reduced working hours lead to lower performance evaluations, which subsequently limit promotion opportunities. Our theoretical model demonstrates that current promotion practices, which reward extended hours at entry-level positions, can generate production ineffciency. This finding suggests that addressing promotion practices could simultaneously reduce gender inequality and improve talent allocation, making a compelling business case for organizational reform.},
	keywords={child penalty;promotion;management practice;personnel economics;internal labor markets;gender pay gap;career progression},
            }