TY  - RPRT
        AU  - Schnabel, Claus
AU  - Wagner, Joachim
        TI  - Who Are the Workers Who Never Joined a Union? Empirical Evidence from Germany
        PY  - 2005/Jul/
        PB  - Institute of Labor Economics (IZA)
        CY  - Bonn
        T2  - IZA Discussion Paper
        IS  - 1658
        UR  - https://www.iza.org/publications/dp1658
        AB  - Using representative data from the German social survey ALLBUS 2002 and the European Social Survey 2002/03, this paper provides the first empirical analysis of trade union never-membership in Germany. We show that between 54 and 59 percent of all employees in Germany have never been members of a trade union. Individuals' probability of never-membership is significantly affected by their personal characteristics (in particular age, education and status at work), their political orientation and (to a lesser degree) their family background, and by broad location. In addition, occupational and workplace characteristics play a significant role. Most important in this regard is the presence of a union at the workplace.
        KW  - union membership
KW  - never-membership
KW  - Germany
        ER  -