%0 Report
        %A Chuan, Amanda
%A Zhang, Weilong
        %T Non-college Occupations, Workplace Routinization, and the Gender Gap in College Enrollment
        %D 2023
        %8 2023 Apr
        %I Institute of Labor Economics (IZA)
        %C Bonn
        %7 IZA Discussion Paper
        %N 16089
        %U https://www.iza.org/publications/dp16089
        %X This paper explores how non-college occupations contributed to the gender gap in college enrollment, where women overtook men in college-going. Using instrumental variation from routinization, we show that the decline of routine-intensive occupations displaced the non-college occupations of women, raising female enrollment. Embedding this instrumental variation into a dynamic Roy model, we find that routinization decreased returns to the non-college occupations of women, increasing their college premium. In contrast, men's non-college occupations were less susceptible to routinization. Our model estimates that workplace routinization accounted for 44% of the growth in female enrollment during 1980-2000.
        %K occupations
%K human capital
%K college enrollment
%K gender
%K automation