@TechReport{iza:izadps:dp16055,
            	author={Kim, Jinyoung and Kwak, Eunhye},
            	title={Long-Term Effects of Recession on Parenthood Gender Inequality},
            	year={2023},
	month={Apr},
            	institution={Institute of Labor Economics (IZA)},
            	address={Bonn},
            	type={IZA Discussion Paper},
            	number={16055},
            	url={https://www.iza.org/publications/dp16055},
	abstract={This study identifies a new mechanism to account for the persistent gender differences in earnings after childbirth. Aside from women's voluntary wage cuts in pursuit of family-friendly job amenities, we claim that adverse labor market conditions at the time of childbearing widen the gender gap among parents. Employing the instrumental variable (IV) method against a large cross-sectional dataset from the US, we find that giving birth during a recession reduces mothers' earnings, whereas fathers remain mostly unaffected. The asymmetric impact of a recession at the time of childbirth persists for a long time and accounts for 30–40 percent of the after-childbirth gender gap in earnings. Unintended impacts of recession on parenthood gender gap leaves room for government intervention on women's career breaks.},
	keywords={gender gap;recession;long-term effects;fertility;child penalty},
            }