TY  - RPRT
        AU  - Dang, Hai-Anh H
AU  - Kilic, Talip
AU  - Abanokova, Kseniya
AU  - Carletto, Calogero
        TI  - Poverty Imputation in Contexts without Consumption Data: A Revisit with Further Refinements
        PY  - 2023/Jan/
        PB  - Institute of Labor Economics (IZA)
        CY  - Bonn
        T2  - IZA Discussion Paper
        IS  - 15873
        UR  - https://www.iza.org/publications/dp15873
        AB  - Household consumption data are often unavailable, not fully collected, or incomparable over time in poorer countries. Survey-to-survey imputation has been increasingly employed to address these data gaps for poverty measurement, but its effective use requires standardized protocols. We refine existing poverty imputation models using 14 multi-topic household surveys conducted over the past decade in Ethiopia, Malawi, Nigeria, Tanzania, and Vietnam. We find that adding household utility expenditures to a basic imputation model with household-level demographic and employment variables provides accurate estimates, which even fall within one standard error of the true poverty rates in many cases. Further adding geospatial variables improves accuracy, as does including additional community-level predictors (available from data in Vietnam) related to educational achievement, poverty, and asset wealth. Yet, within-country spatial heterogeneity exists, with certain models performing well for either urban areas or rural areas only. These results offer cost-saving inputs into future survey design.
        KW  - Malawi
KW  - Ethiopia
KW  - Vietnam
KW  - household surveys
KW  - survey-to-survey imputation
KW  - poverty
KW  - consumption
KW  - Nigeria
KW  - Tanzania
KW  - Sub-Saharan Africa
        ER  -