@TechReport{iza:izadps:dp15863,
            	author={Abbiati, Giovanni and Azzolini, Davide and Balanskat, Anja and Engelhart, Katja and Piazzalunga, Daniela and Rettore, Enrico and Wastiau, Patricia},
            	title={Effects of an Online Self-Assessment Tool on Teachers' Digital Competencies},
            	year={2023},
	month={Jan},
            	institution={Institute of Labor Economics (IZA)},
            	address={Bonn},
            	type={IZA Discussion Paper},
            	number={15863},
            	url={https://www.iza.org/publications/dp15863},
	abstract={We evaluate the effects of an online self-assessment tool on teachers' competencies and beliefs about ICT in education. The causal impact of the tool is evaluated through a randomized encouragement design, involving 7,391 lower secondary teachers across 11 European countries. Short-run impact estimates show that the use of the tool led teachers to critically revise their technology-enhanced teaching competencies (-0.14 standard deviations) and their beliefs about ICT in education (-0.35 s.d.), while there is no impact on their probability of taking specific training. The effects are concentrated among teachers in the top-end tail of the distribution of pre-treatment outcomes. We provide suggestive evidence that the feedback score provided by the tool triggered such results by providing a negative information shock.},
	keywords={experimental design;self-assessed competencies;technology-enhanced teaching;ICT;teaching practices},
            }